Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche(German Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche[ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtsʃə] listen)) - German thinker, classical philologist, composer , creator of original philosophical a doctrine that is emphatically non-academic in nature and, in part, therefore, has a wide distribution, going far beyond the scientific and philosophical community. The fundamental concept of Nietzsche includes special criteria for evaluating reality, which called into question the basic principles of existing forms. morality, religion, culture and socio-political relations and subsequently reflected in philosophy of life . Being set out in aphoristic manner, most of Nietzsche's writings are not amenable to unambiguous interpretation and cause a lot of controversy.
Childhood years.
Friedrich Nietzsche was born in Röcken (near Leipzig, eastern Germany) to a Lutheran pastor, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche (1813-1849). In 1846 he had a sister, Elisabeth, then a brother, Ludwig Josef, who died in 1849 six months after the death of their father. He was brought up by his mother until in 1858 he went to study at the famous Pforta gymnasium. There he became interested in the study of ancient texts, made his first attempts at writing, experienced a strong desire to become a musician, was keenly interested in philosophical and ethical problems, read with pleasure Schiller, Byron and especially Hölderlin, and also first became acquainted with the music of Wagner.
Youth years.
In October 1862 he went to University of Bonn, where he began to study theology and philology. He quickly became disillusioned with student life and, trying to influence his comrades, turned out to be misunderstood and rejected by them. This was one of the reasons for his imminent move to Leipzig University following his mentor professor Friedrich Richl. However, even at the new place, studying philology did not bring satisfaction to Nietzsche, even despite his brilliant success in this matter: already at the age of 24, while still a student, he was invited to the post of professor classical philology in Basel University- an unprecedented case in the history of universities in Europe.
Nietzsche could not take part in Franco-Prussian War of 1870: at the beginning of his professorial career, he defiantly renounced Prussian citizenship, and the authorities of neutral Switzerland forbade him to directly participate in the battles, allowing him only to serve as an orderly. While escorting a wagonload of wounded, he contracted dysentery and diphtheria.
Friendship with Wagner.
On November 8, 1868, Nietzsche met Richard Wagner. It differed sharply from Nietzsche's usual and already burdensome philological environment and made an extremely strong impression on the philosopher. They were united by spiritual unity: from mutual passion for the art of the ancient Greeks and love for the work of Schopenhauer to the aspirations of rebuilding the world and reviving the spirit of the nation. In May 1869, he visited Wagner in Tribschen, becoming practically a member of the family for that. However, their friendship did not last long: only about three years until 1872, when Wagner moved to Bayreuth, and their relationship began to cool. Nietzsche could not accept the changes that arose in him, expressed, in his opinion, in betrayal of their common ideals, indulgence in the interests of the public, and, in the end, in the adoption of Christianity. The final break was marked by Wagner's public evaluation of Nietzsche's book. "Human, Too Human" as "sad evidence of illness" of its author.
Crisis and recovery.
Nietzsche never enjoyed good health. From the age of 18 he began to experience severe headaches, and by the age of 30 he experienced a sharp deterioration in health. He was almost blind, had unbearable headaches, which he treated with opiates, and stomach problems. On May 2, 1879, he left teaching at the university, receiving a pension with an annual allowance of 3,000 francs. His later life became a struggle with the disease, despite which he wrote his works. He himself described this time as follows:
… at thirty-six I sank to the lowest limit of my vitality - I was still living, but I could not see three steps ahead of me. At that time - it was in 1879 - I left my professorship at Basel, lived like a shadow in St. Moritz in the summer, and spent the next winter, the sunless winter of my life, like a shadow in Naumburg. That was my minimum: The Wanderer and His Shadow came about in the meantime. Undoubtedly, I knew then a lot about shadows ... In the next winter, my first winter in Genoa, that softening and spiritualization, which is almost due to extreme impoverishment in blood and muscles, created "Dawn". Perfect clarity, transparency, even the excess of the spirit, reflected in the named work, coexisted in me not only with the deepest physiological weakness, but also with the kurtosis of the feeling of pain. In the midst of the torment of three days of uninterrupted headaches, accompanied by excruciating vomiting with mucus, I had the clarity of a dialectic par excellence, I thought very calmly about things for which, in healthier conditions, I would not have found in myself enough refinement and calmness, I would not have found the audacity of a rock climber.
"Morning Dawn" was published in July 1881, it began new stage Nietzsche's creativity is the stage of the most fruitful work and significant ideas.
Zarathustra.
Lou Salome in a wagon drawn by Paul Reu and Friedrich Nietzsche (1882)
At the end of 1882, Nietzsche traveled to Rome, where he met Lou Salome, who left a significant mark on his life. Nietzsche from the first seconds was captivated by her flexible mind and incredible charm. He found in her a sensitive listener, she, in turn, was shocked by the ardor of his thoughts. He proposed to her, but she refused, offering her friendship in return. Some time later, together with their mutual friend Paul Reyo, they organize a kind of union, living under the same roof and discussing the advanced ideas of philosophers. But after a few years, he was destined to fall apart: Elisabeth, Nietzsche's sister, was unhappy with Lou's influence on her brother and resolved this problem in her own way by writing a rude letter to her. As a result of the ensuing quarrel, Nietzsche and Salome parted ways for good. Soon Nietzsche will write the first part of his key work " Thus spoke Zarathustra”, which hints at the influence of Lou and her “perfect friendship”. In April 1884, the second and third parts of the book were published at the same time, and in 1885 Nietzsche published the fourth and last part of the book with his own money in the amount of only 40 copies and distributed some of them among close friends, among whom Helene von Druskowitz.
Last years.
The final stage of Nietzsche's work is at the same time the stage of writing works that draw a line under his philosophy, and misunderstanding, both from the general public and close friends. Popularity came to him only in the late 1880s.
Nietzsche's creative activity was interrupted at the beginning of 1889 due to clouding of reason. It happened after a seizure, when, in front of Nietzsche, the owner beat the horse. There are several versions explaining the cause of the disease. Among them - poor heredity (Nietzsche's father suffered from mental illness at the end of his life); a possible case of neurosyphilis, which provoked insanity. Soon the philosopher was placed in the Basel psychiatric hospital and died on August 25, 1900. He was buried in the old Rekken church dating from the first half of the 12th century. Next to him are his relatives.
Citizenship, nationality, ethnicity.
Nietzsche is usually ranked among the philosophers of Germany. The modern unified national state called Germany at the time of its birth did not yet exist, but was union of german states, and Nietzsche was a citizen of one of them, at that time Prussia. When Nietzsche received a professorship at the University of Basel, he applied for the annulment of his Prussian citizenship. The official reply confirming the revocation of citizenship came in the form of a document dated April 17, 1869. Until the end of his life, Nietzsche remained officially stateless.
According to popular belief, Nietzsche's ancestors were Poles. Until the end of his life, Nietzsche himself confirmed this circumstance. In 1888 he wrote: “My ancestors were Polish nobles (Nicki)» . In one of Nietzsche's statements, he is even more assertive about his Polish origin: "I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of dirty blood, of course, without German blood". On another occasion, Nietzsche stated: “Germany is a great nation only because so much Polish blood flows in the veins of its people ... I am proud of my Polish origin”. In one of his letters he testifies: “I was brought up to attribute the origin of my blood and name to the Polish nobles, who were called Nitskys, and who left their house and title about a hundred years ago, succumbing as a result to unbearable pressure - they were Protestants”. Nietzsche thought his last name might have been Germanized.
Most scholars dispute Nietzsche's view of the origins of his family. Hans von Müller refuted the genealogy put forward by Nietzsche's sister in favor of a noble Polish origin. Max Ohler, custodian of the Nietzsche archive in Weimar, claimed that all of Nietzsche's ancestors had German names, even the wives' families. Ohler claims that Nietzsche descended from a long line of German Lutheran clergy on both sides of his family, and modern scholars view Nietzsche's claims of his Polish origins as "pure fiction". Colli and Montinari, editors of a collection of Nietzsche's letters, characterize Nietzsche's statements as "baseless" and "erroneous opinion". The surname itself Nietzsche not Polish, but common throughout central Germany in this and related forms, for example, Nitsche and Nitzke. The surname comes from the name Nikolai, abbreviated as Nick, under the influence of the Slavic name Nits, first acquired the form Nitsche, and then Nietzsche.
It is not known why Nietzsche wanted to be ranked among a noble Polish family. According to biographer R. J. Hollingdale, Nietzsche's claims about his Polish origins may have been part of his "campaign against Germany".
Relationship with sister.
Friedrich Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth Nietzsche marries anti-Semitic ideologue Bernard Förster (German), who decided to go to Paraguay in order to organize the German colony Nueva Germania there with his like-minded people ( German). Elisabeth left with him in 1886 for Paraguay, but soon after, due to financial problems, Bernard committed suicide and Elisabeth returned to Germany.
For some time, Friedrich Nietzsche was in a tense relationship with his sister, but towards the end of his life, the need to take care of himself forced Nietzsche to restore relations with her. Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche was the steward of the literary heritage of Friedrich Nietzsche. She published her brother's books in her own edition, and for many materials she did not give permission for publication. So, "The Will to Power" was in the plan of Nietzsche's works, but he never wrote this work. Elizabeth published this book based on her brother's edited drafts. She also removed all of her brother's remarks about her disgust at her sister. Elisabeth's twenty-volume collection of Nietzsche's works was the standard for reprints until the middle of the 20th century. Only in 1967 did Italian scientists publish previously inaccessible works without distortion.
In 1930, Elisabeth became a Nazi sympathizer. By 1934, she had succeeded in having Hitler visit the Nietzsche Archive Museum she had created three times, have his photograph taken respectfully looking at a bust of Nietzsche, and declare the Archive Museum to be the center of National Socialist ideology. A copy of the book Thus spoke Zarathustra"together with" Mein Kampf "and" The myth of the twentieth century» Rosenberg were solemnly placed together in the Hindenburg vault. Hitler awarded Elisabeth a lifetime pension for services to the fatherland.
Philosophical style.
Being a philologist by education, Nietzsche paid great attention to the style of conducting and presenting his philosophy, earning himself the fame of an outstanding stylist. Nietzsche's philosophy is not organized in system, the will to which he considered a lack of honesty. The most significant form of his philosophy are aphorisms, expressing the captured movement of the state and thoughts of the author, who are in eternal becoming. The reasons for this style are not clearly identified. On the one hand, such a presentation is connected with Nietzsche's desire to spend a long part of his time on walks, which deprived him of the possibility of coherent note-taking of thoughts. On the other hand, the philosopher's illness also imposed its limitations, which did not allow him to look at white sheets of paper for a long time without pain in his eyes. Nevertheless, the aphorism of writing can be called a consequence of the conscious choice of the philosopher, the result of the consistent development of his convictions. An aphorism as its own commentary unfolds only when the reader is involved in a constant reconstruction of a meaning that goes far beyond the context of a single aphorism. This movement of meaning can never end by conveying experience more adequately. life.
Healthy and decadent.
In his philosophy, Nietzsche developed a new attitude to reality, built on metaphysics. "Being Becoming" rather than givenness and immutability. Within such a view true how the correspondence of an idea to reality can no longer be considered the ontological basis of the world, but becomes only a private value. Coming to the fore considerations values are generally evaluated according to their correspondence to the tasks of life: healthy glorify and strengthen life, while decadent represent sickness and decay. Any sign there is already a sign of impotence and impoverishment of life, in its fullness is always event. Uncovering the meaning behind the symptom reveals the source of the decline. From this position, Nietzsche attempts reappraisal of values, so far not critically implied as a matter of course.
Dionysus and Apollo. Socrates problem.
Nietzsche saw the source of a healthy culture in the dichotomy of two principles: Dionysian and Apollonian. The first personifies the unbridled, fatal, intoxicating, coming from the very bowels of nature. passion life, returning a person to immediate world harmony and unity of everything with everything; the second, Apollonian, envelops life "beautiful appearance of dream worlds" allowing you to put up with it. Mutually overcoming each other, Dionysian and Apollonian develop in strict correlation. Within the framework of art, the collision of these principles leads to the birth tragedy. Watching the development culture Ancient Greece , Nietzsche drew attention to the figure Socrates. He claimed the possibility of comprehending and even correcting life through dictatorship reason. Thus, Dionysus was expelled from culture, and Apollo degenerated into logical schematism. The complete violent distortion is the source of the crisis of modern Nietzsche culture, which turned out to be bloodless and devoid of myths.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)
German philosopher. Born in the family of a village pastor in the small village of Rekken on the border of Prussia and Silesia. After graduating from the gymnasium, he entered a prestigious vocational school near Naumburg - a closed educational institution for children from aristocratic families. There he wrote his first composition - "On Music", which immediately allowed him to be nominated among the best students.
Then he continues his education at the Universities of Bonn and Leipzig. Already his student scientific works were so interesting in content and depth of analysis that they attracted the attention of professors.
After graduation, he is offered the position of professor of classical philosophy at the University of Basel. Soon, the young scientist was awarded a Ph.D. degree without a preliminary dissertation defense, based only on journal articles.
While still at the university, Nietzsche met the great German composer R. Wagner. Wagner's music made the same overwhelming impression on Nietzsche as Nietzsche's compositions on Wagner. Although Nietzsche entered the history of world culture primarily as a philosopher, he himself considered himself a musician. Even Nietzsche once wrote about his own compositions that this is “music accidentally recorded not with notes, but with words.” Passion for music arose from his early childhood and passed through his whole life. But it was not just a thirst to compose or listen - Nietzsche was a musician in a different, broader sense of the word: music for him was synonymous with the highest beginning in art.
During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Nietzsche managed to be sent to the front as an orderly, but almost immediately after his arrival he fell ill and ended up in the hospital. Nietzsche, who did not recover from his illness, had to leave teaching.
The more his mental illness progressed, the more fiercely Nietzsche resisted it and the more cheerful his writings and letters became. Suffering from an illness, he nevertheless writes a book with an amazing title - "Merry Science", and after it - the musical composition "Hymn to Life". These works became a kind of prologue to one of his main works - "Thus Spoke Zarathustra".
For the last nine years, Nietzsche could no longer work and spent the most stubborn struggle with the disease. Died in Weimar.
Sources(books, films, we, pro-from-ve-de-ni-i, etc.) with Friedrich Nietzsche's qi-ta-ta-mi about the author
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche , Prussia - August 25, 1900, Weimar, Germany) - German philosopher, poet, composer, culturologist, representative of irrationalism. He sharply criticized the religion, culture and morality of his time and developed his own ethical theory. Nietzsche was a literary rather than an academic philosopher, and his writings are aphoristic in nature. Nietzsche's philosophy had a great influence on the formation of existentialism and postmodernism, and also became very popular in literary and artistic circles. The interpretation of his works is quite difficult and still causes a lot of controversy.
Born in Röcken (near Leipzig, eastern Germany), the son of a Lutheran pastor, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche (1813-1849). While studying at the gymnasium, he showed considerable talent for philology and music. In 1864-69 Nietzsche studied theology and classical philology at the Universities of Bonn and Leipzig. In the same period, he became acquainted with the works of Schopenhauer and became an admirer of his philosophy. Nietzsche's development was also favorably influenced by his friendship with Richard Wagner, which lasted for many years. At the age of 23, he was drafted into the Prussian army and enrolled in horse artillery, but, having received an injury, was demobilized. Three years later, he will enthusiastically accept the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and volunteer to go to the front.
Nietzsche was a brilliant student and gained an excellent reputation in scientific circles. Thanks to this, already in 1869 he received the post of professor of classical philology at the University of Basel (at the age of only 25 years). There he worked for about 10 years, despite numerous illnesses. The issue of Nietzsche's citizenship still causes sharp controversy. According to one source, he remained stateless after renouncing his Prussian citizenship in 1869; however, other sources state that Nietzsche became a Swiss citizen.
Friedrich Nietzsche (full name – Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche) is a German thinker, philosopher, composer, philologist and poet. On his philosophical ideas quite strongly influenced by the music of the composer Wagner, as well as the works of Kant, Schopenhauer, ancient Greek philosophy.
short biography
Friedrich Nietzsche was born October 15, 1844 in eastern Germany, in a rural area called Röcken. A single state of Germany did not exist then, and in fact Friedrich Wilhelm was a citizen of Prussia.
The Nietzsche family belonged to a deeply religious community. His father Carl Ludwig Nietzsche was a Lutheran pastor. His mother— Francis Nietzsche.
Nietzsche's childhood
2 years after the birth of Friedrich, his sister was born - Elizabeth. Three years later (in 1849) his father died. Friedrich's younger brother Ludwig Joseph, - died at the age of 2, six months after the death of his father.
After the death of her husband, Nietzsche's mother took care of the upbringing of the children on her own for some time, and then moved to Naumburg, where relatives joined in the upbringing, surrounding the little ones with care.
From early childhood Friedrich Wilhelm showed academic success- he learned to read early enough, then mastered the letter and even began to compose music on his own.
Youth of Nietzsche
At 14 After graduating from the Naumburg Gymnasium, Friedrich went to study at Gymnasium "Pforta". Then - to Bonn and Leipzig, where he begins to master theology, philology. Despite significant successes, Nietzsche did not receive satisfaction from his activities either in Bonn or in Leipzig.
When Friedrich Wilhelm was not yet 25 years old, he was invited to the position of professor of classical philology at the Swiss University of Basel. This has never happened before in the history of Europe.
Relationship with Richard Wagner
Friedrich Nietzsche was simply fascinated by both the music of the composer Wagner and his philosophical views for life. In November 1868 Nietzsche meets the great composer. In the future, he becomes almost a member of his family.
However, the friendship between them did not last long - in 1872 the composer moved to Bayreuth, where he began to change his views on the world, converted to Christianity, and began to listen more to the public. Nietzsche did not like this, and their friendship came to an end. In 1888 he wrote a book "Casus Wagner", in which the author expressed his attitude towards Wagner.
Despite this, Nietzsche himself admitted later that the music of the German composer influenced his thoughts and manner of presentation in books and works on philology and philosophy. He spoke like this:
“My compositions are music written with words, not with notes”
Philologist and philosopher Nietzsche
The ideas and thoughts of Friedrich Nietzsche had a significant impact on the formation of the latest philosophical trends - existentialism and postmodernism. The birth of the theory of negation is associated with his name - nihilism. He also gave birth to a current that was later called Nietzscheanism, which spread at the beginning of the 20th century both in Europe and in Russia.
Nietzsche wrote on all the most important issues of society, but above all about religion, psychology, sociology, and morality. Unlike Kant, Nietzsche did not just criticize pure reason, but went further - questioned all the obvious achievements of the human mind, tried to create his own system for assessing the human condition.
In his morality, he was too aphoristic and not always clear: he did not give final answers with aphorisms, more often he frightened him with the inevitability of the arrival of new ones. "free minds", not clouded by the consciousness of the past. He called such highly moral people "supermen".
Books by Friedrich Wilhelm
During his life, Friedrich Wilhelm wrote more than a dozen books on philosophy, theology, philology, mythology. Here is a small list of his most popular books and works:
- “Thus spoke Zarathustra. A book for everyone and for no one ”- 1883-87.
- "Casus Wagner" - 1888.
- "Morning Dawn" - 1881
- "The Wanderer and His Shadow" - 1880
- “On the other side of good and evil. Prelude to the Philosophy of the Future" - 1886.
Nietzsche's disease
At the University of Basel, Nietzsche experienced seizures for the first time. mental illness. To improve his health, he had to go to a resort in Lugano. There he began to work intensively on the book. "The Origin of Tragedy" which I wanted to dedicate to Wagner. The disease did not go away, and he had to leave his professorship.
May 2, 1879 he left teaching at the university, receiving a pension with an annual allowance of 3,000 francs. His later life became a struggle with the disease, despite which he wrote his works. Here are lines from his own memoirs of that period:
“ … at thirty-six I had sunk to the lowest limit of my vitality - I was still living, but I could not see three steps ahead of me. At that time - it was in 1879 - I left my professorship in Basel, lived like a shadow in St. Moritz in the summer, and spent the next winter, the sunless winter of my life, like a shadow in Naumburg.
That was my minimum: The Wanderer and His Shadow came about in the meantime. Undoubtedly, I knew then a lot about shadows ... In the next winter, my first winter in Genoa, that softening and spiritualization, which is almost due to extreme impoverishment in blood and muscles, created "Dawn".
Perfect clarity, transparency, even the excess of the spirit, reflected in the named work, coexisted in me not only with the deepest physiological weakness, but also with the kurtosis of the feeling of pain.
In the midst of the torment of three days of uninterrupted headaches, accompanied by excruciating vomiting with mucus, I had the clarity of a dialectic par excellence, I thought very coolly about things for which, in healthier conditions, I would not have found in myself enough refinement and calmness, would not have found the audacity of a rock climber.”
last years of life
In 1889 At the insistence of Professor Frans Overbeck, Friedrich Nietzsche was placed in a Basel psychiatric clinic. In March 1890, his mother takes him home to Naumburg.
However, shortly after that, she dies, which causes even more damage to the health of the weak Nietzsche - apoplectic shock. After that, he can neither move nor speak.
August 25, 1900 Friedrich Nietzsche died in a psychiatric hospital. His body is buried in the ancient church of Rökken, in the family vault.
Friedrich Nietzsche is a German philosopher, thinker, poet and even composer. His non-academic teaching has become widespread not only in the scientific and philosophical community, but also far beyond its borders. Nietzsche questioned the key principles of the norms of culture and morality generally accepted in the 19th-20th centuries, social and political relations. The concept of the philosopher to this day causes a lot of controversy and disagreement.
Childhood and youth
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the village of Röcken, located near Leipzig. His father, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, was a Lutheran minister, as were both of his grandfathers. A few years later, the boy had a sister, Elizabeth, and a couple of years later, a brother, Ludwig Josef. Friedrich's younger brother died in 1849, and his sister lived a long life and passed away in 1935.
Shortly after the birth of his youngest son, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche died. Friedrich's upbringing was completely taken over by his mother. This continued until 1858, when the matured young man went to get an education at the prestigious Pforta gymnasium. The time of studying at the gymnasium became fatal for Nietzsche: there he first began to write, became interested in reading ancient texts, and even experienced an irresistible desire to devote himself to music. There, Friedrich got acquainted with the works of Byron, Schiller, Hölderlin, and the works of Wagner.
In 1862, Nietzsche began his studies at the University of Bonn, choosing philology and theology. Student life soon bored the young student; in addition to this, he did not develop relationships with fellow students, to whom he tried to instill a progressive worldview. Therefore, Friedrich soon transferred to the University of Leipzig. Once, while walking around the city, he accidentally wandered into an old bookshop and purchased the work The World as Will and Representation. The book greatly impressed Nietzsche and influenced his development as a philosopher.
Friedrich's studies at the Faculty of Philology at the University of Leipzig were brilliant: already at the age of 24, the guy was invited to teach classical philology as a professor at the University of Basel. This was the first time in the European system of higher education that such a young scientist was allowed to receive the status of a professor. Nevertheless, Nietzsche himself did not enjoy his studies much, although he did not refuse to build a professorial career.
However, the philosopher did not work long as a teacher. Taking up this post, he decided to renounce the citizenship of Prussia (the University of Basel is located in Switzerland). Therefore, in the Franco-Prussian war, which took place in 1870, Nietzsche could not participate. Switzerland took a neutral position in this confrontation and therefore allowed the professor only to work as a nurse.
Friedrich Nietzsche was not in good health since childhood. So, at the age of eighteen, he suffered from insomnia and migraines, at the age of thirty, in addition to this, he was practically blind and began to experience stomach problems. He completed his work in Basel in 1879, after which he began to receive a pension and came to grips with writing books, without ceasing to fight the disease.
Philosophy
Friedrich Nietzsche's first book was published in 1872 under the title The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music. Prior to this, the philosopher sent for publication a number of scientific articles, but has not yet published a full-fledged book. His first serious work consists of 25 chapters.
In the first 15, Nietzsche tries to establish what Greek tragedy is, and in the last 10 he talks and talks about Wagner, whom he met and was friends with for some time (until the composer converted to Christianity).
"Thus Spoke Zarathustra"
No other work of the philosopher can claim the level of popularity of the book Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Friedrich Nietzsche received the main ideas for his famous work thanks to a trip to Rome at the end of the 19th century. There he met the writer, therapist and philosopher Lou Salome. Nietzsche found in her a pleasant listener and was fascinated by the flexibility of her mind. He even tried to propose to her, but Lou Salome preferred friendship over marriage.
Soon Nietzsche and Salome quarreled and never spoke again. After that, Friedrich wrote the first part of the work "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", in which modern researchers accurately guess the influence of the spiritual girlfriend of the philosopher and ideas about their "ideal friendship". The second and third parts of the work were published in 1884, and the fourth appeared in printed form in 1885. Her Nietzsche published in the amount of 40 pieces at his own expense.
The style of this work changes as the story progresses: it turns out to be either poetic, or comic, or again close to poetry. In the book, Friedrich first introduced such a term as superman, and also began to develop the theory of will to power. At that time, these ideas were poorly developed, and subsequently he developed his concept in the works "Beyond Good and Evil" and "To the Genealogy of Morals." The fourth book of the work is devoted to the story of how Zarathustra ridiculed the hated admirers of his own teaching.
Will to power
Practically through all the works of the philosopher there is a moral about the will to power as the basic concept of his theory. According to Nietzsche, domination is the fundamental nature, the fundamental principle of being, as well as the way of existence. In this regard, Friedrich contrasted the will to power with the setting of goals. He said that choosing a goal and moving towards it can already be called a full-fledged act of domination.
Death of God
Friedrich Nietzsche was actively interested in questions of religion and death. "God is dead" is one of his famous postulates. The philosopher explained this statement as an increase in nihilism, which was the result of the devaluation of the supersensible foundations of life directions.
The scientist also criticized Christianity for the fact that this religion prefers life in the real world to be in the afterlife. The author dedicated the book Antichrist to this topic. Curse Christianity." Friedrich Nietzsche first expressed his nihilistic position in the book "Human Too Human", which was published in 1876.
Personal life
Friedrich Nietzsche repeatedly changed his views on the female gender, so the popularity of his quote “Women are the source of all stupidity and unreason in the world” does not fully reflect his views. So, the philosopher managed to be both a misogynist, and a feminist, and an anti-feminist. At the same time, his only love was probably Lou Salome. There is no information about the philosopher's relationship with other women.
For many years, the biography of the philosopher was closely associated with way of life his sister Elizabeth, who took care of her brother and helped him. Gradually, however, discord began to develop in these relations. Elisabeth Nietzsche's husband was Bernard Foerster, one of the ideologists of the anti-Semitic movement. She even went with her husband to Paraguay, where the supporters of this movement intended to create a German colony. Due to financial difficulties, Foerster soon committed suicide, and the widow returned to her native country.
Nietzsche did not share his sister's anti-Semitic views and criticized her for such a position. Relations between brother and sister improved only towards the end of the latter's life, when he, weakened by illnesses, needed help and care. As a result, Elizabeth was able to dispose of her brother's literary works. She sent Nietzsche's works for publication only after making her own edits, as a result of which some provisions of the philosopher's teachings were distorted.
In 1930, Elisabeth Foerster-Nietzsche supported the Nazi authorities and invited her to be the guest of honor of the Nietzsche Museum-Archive, which she created. The leader of the fascist movement was pleased with the visits and appointed the philosopher's sister a lifetime pension. This is partly the reason why Nietzsche is often associated in the minds of the townsfolk with fascist ideology.
Death
The philosopher often turned out to be misunderstood both by close people and the general public. His ideology began to gain popularity only in the late 1880s, and at the beginning of the 20th century his works were translated into many languages of the world. In 1889, the creative work of Friedrich Nietzsche stopped due to clouding of reason.
There is an opinion that the philosopher was shocked by the scene of beating the horse. This seizure was the cause of a progressive mental illness. The writer spent the last months of his life in a Basel psychiatric hospital. After some time, his elderly mother took him to the parental home, but she soon died, because of which the philosopher received an apoplexy.
Bibliography
- "The Birth of Tragedy, or Hellenism and Pessimism"
- "Untimely Reflections"
- “Human, too human. A book for free minds"
- "Morning Dawn, or Thoughts on Moral Prejudice"
- "Merry Science"
- “Thus spoke Zarathustra. A book for everyone and for no one
- “On the other side of good and evil. Prelude to the Philosophy of the Future"
- “On the genealogy of morality. Polemic essay»
- "Casus Wagner"
- "Twilight of idols, or how people philosophize with a hammer"
- "Antichrist. Curse Christianity"
- "Ecce Homo. How they become themselves
- "Will to Power"
