1. Philosophical science, considering the problems of being:
a) ontology
b) natural philosophy
c) social philosophy
d) philosophy of spirit
e) philosophy of man
2. Being is:
a) the objectivity of the existence of the world
b) the primacy of consciousness, the secondary nature of matter
c) the real existence of the world
d) the alleged existence of the world
3. Matter is:
a) any reality
b) subjective reality
c) objective reality
d) sign reality
4. Movement is:
a) the flow of thoughts and ideas
b) the change in the position of bodies in space over time
c) any change and development of matter
d) a mental picture of changing the world
e) qualitative development of objects and phenomena
5. Space is:
a) geometric arrangement
b) a place free of matter
c) an ordered set of human sensations
d) a set of material objects and phenomena
e) the length and relative position of material objects and phenomena
6. Time is:
a) net duration
b) internal expectation of an event
c) human experience of the duration of the events taking place
d) the duration of events and the order in which they follow one another
e) mental representation of the past and future
7. Reflection is:
a) the ability to influence the reflected object
b) the ability to reproduce the reflected object
c) the ability to depend on the reflected object
d) the ability to change the reflected object
8. Language is:
a) a system of signs for communication
b) a system of concepts and symbols
c) a system of judgments and inferences
d) system of images, copies
9. Dialectics is a teaching:
a) about the laws of the development of the world and man in it
b) about the laws of existence of the world and man in it
c) about the laws of changing the world and the person in it
d) on the laws of the progressive development of the world and man in it
10. Development is:
a) movement from lower to higher, movement in a circle
b) gradual quantitative change of objects and phenomena
c) irreversible qualitative change with the predominance of a progressive trend
11. The basic law of dialectics:
a) the law of unity and struggle of opposites
b) the law of mutual quantitative and qualitative changes
c) the law of negation of negation
12. What law of development answers the question "Why is development going on?"
a) the law of unity and struggle of opposites;
b) the law of mutual quantitative and qualitative changes;
c) the law of negation of negation.
a) any concept
b) philosophical concept
c) scientific concept
c) everyday concept
A. Reality a) chance
B. Singular b) entity
B. Necessity c) opportunity
D. Reason d) general
E. Form e) content
E. Phenomenon e) part
G. System g) element
H. Whole h) consequence.
15. Human being is:
a) human life and death
b) the existence of the human body and soul
c) the real existence of a person, embodied in his life and body
d) interaction of the human body and soul
16. Theories explaining the place and capabilities of a person in the world:
a) materialism and idealism b) voluntarism and fatalism
c) asceticism and hedonism d) egoism and altruism
17. The main task of man in the world:
a) to be a "grain of sand" in an endless world;
b) be an integral part of the real world;
c) to be the "master" of the world around him;
d) be an active, cognitive, active subject in the world.
TESTS ON THE TOPIC "PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE"
1. Philosophical science, considering the problems of nature, the relationship of man to it:
a) ontology
b) natural philosophy
c) social philosophy
d) philosophy of spirit
e) philosophy of man
2. The natural environment is:
a) the entire material world surrounding a person
b) natural resources of the planet Earth
c) a part of the material world involved in the life of a person and society
d) "humanized", artificial nature
3. The philosopher who wrote the following: "Nature is the inorganic body of man. Man lives by nature":
a) Lucretius
b) G. Hegel
c) K. Marx
d) V. Vernadsky
e) L. Gumilev
4. The meaning of the relationship between man and nature:
a) submission, dominance over nature
b) return to nature, life according to its laws
c) transformation of nature for their own purposes
d) harmonization, rationalization of relations
5. A theory that correctly reflects the relationship between man and nature:
a) the theory of geographical determinism
b) the theory of technological determinism
c) the theory of the noosphere
d) theory of geopolitics
e) bioethics theory
6. Find the correspondence between theories and their authors:
A. Theory of geographical determinism a) Leroy, Vernadsky
B. Theory of technological determinism b) Mechnikov, Lombroso
B. Theory of the noosphere c) Bell, Veblen
7. Co-evolution means:
a) the process of joint development of the biosphere and human society
b) harmonization of public and private interests
c) the modern theory of evolution
d) the interaction of the individual and society
8. An environmental problem is:
a) a crisis situation in the relationship "nature-society", causing the possibility of degradation of mankind
b) a contradictory situation in the relationship "nature-society", requiring a change in the activities of mankind
c) a set of issues in the relationship "nature - society", which humanity is able to solve with the help of the scientific and technological revolution
9. What problem is the ecological problem for mankind?
a) private for individual states;
b) important for certain regions of the world;
c) global for all mankind;
d) decisive for the development of mankind;
e) there is a more important problem than the one indicated;
f) a problem that will never be solved.
10. What direction of solving the ecological problem is preferred at the present time?
a) defensive (neutralization of harmful effects on nature);
b) correlation (coordination of activities with natural processes);
c) biotechnological (using the mechanisms of functioning of natural systems in activity).
11. The philosopher who wrote the following: "Perhaps a threefold relationship of man to external nature: passive submission to it, then an active struggle with it, and, finally, the assertion of its ideal state":
a) Lucretius
b) K. Marx
c) V. Soloviev
d) V. Vernadsky
e) A. Chizhevsky
12. The value in which the state of the ecological situation is measured:
13. Homeostasis is:
a) change in the relative stability of natural systems
b) maintaining the relative stability of natural systems
c) the development of the relative stability of natural systems
d) regression of the relative stability of natural systems
14. Science about the relationship between man and nature:
a) natural philosophy
b) geography
c) ecology
d) geology
15. Uniting scientists for the global problems of our time:
a) Paris Club
b) Milan club
c) Warsaw Club
d) Vienna Club
e) Club of Rome.
TESTS ON THE TOPIC: "PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIETY"
1. Philosophical science, considering the problems of society, the relationship of a person to it:
a) ontology
b) natural philosophy
c) social philosophy
d) philosophy of spirit
e) philosophy of man
2. Society is:
a) the totality of human relationships
b) the form of joint life of people
c) the economic, political and spiritual life of people;
d) a set of people, collectives, social institutions
3. Correspondence of theories and the indicated provisions:
a) materialistic a) all spheres of society are equal
b) idealistic b) the spiritual sphere is primary
c) naturalistic c) economic sphere is primary
d) factor d) society is identical to nature
4. The priority subject of social philosophy is:
a) social institutions of society
b) social spheres of society
c) social communities of people
d) social organizations of society
e) social movements of people
5. The social sphere, which defines other spheres according to Karl Marx:
a) economic b) social
c) political d) spiritual
e) family f) household
g) consumer h) recreational
6. Relations between people, which form the basis of the materialist theory of society:
a) proprietary
b) overbearing
c) exchange
d) distribution
e) interpersonal
7. Relations between people, which form the basis of the functional theory of society:
a) proprietary
b) overbearing
c) exchange
d) distribution
e) interpersonal
8. Material production is:
a) the totality of the basis and superstructure of society;
b) the totality of productive forces and production relations;
c) a set of material and technical organizations;
d) a set of economic social institutions and organizations of society.
9. Correspondence between concepts and their definitions:
a) productive forces a) material and spiritual values
b) civilization b) the historical type of society
c) formation c) degree of technological development
d) culture d) interaction in production
e) production relations e) tools and people
10. The theory most often used at the present time to reveal the mechanisms of development of society?
a) formation
b) stadial
c) civilizational
d) cyclic
11. The driving force, not the source of the development of society:
a) division and cooperation of labor
b) competition, competition
c) revolution, reforms
d) the activities of the masses
e) activities of outstanding personalities
f) favorable natural environment
g) scientific and technological progress
12. A social process that reflects the unification of people in an organization:
a) institutionalization
b) functionalization
c) bureaucratization
d) stratification
13. The theory that most fully reflects the social movement of people:
a) class theory
b) the theory of social stratification
c) the theory of social mobility
d) the theory of the so-called. "middle class"
14. Culture in philosophy is understood as:
a) a certain type of civilization in the history of mankind
b) development, education, education of a person
c) a set of material and spiritual values and achievements
d) secondary, artificial, humanized nature
e) a system of models and norms of human behavior
15. "Culture is distinguished by three points: firstly, culture is transmitted, it constitutes an inheritance or a social tradition, secondly, it is what is taught, culture is not a manifestation of the human genetic nature and, thirdly, it is generally accepted. way, culture and product, and the determinant of systems of human social interaction "- said:
a) O. Comte b) E. Durkheim
c) V. Lenin d) T. Parsons e) E. Fromm
TESTS ON THE TOPIC: "PHILOSOPHY OF THE SPIRIT"
1. The spirit of society is:
a) a set of individual minds of people (or large groups of people)
b) the sum of knowledge, feelings, moods, ideas of any people
c) an integral system of rational, sensual and irrational ways of people reflecting the world around them
d) the mentality of a certain people that makes up the state
2. The sphere of the spirit, reflecting the world through the interests of a certain group of people:
a) mythology b) science
c) art d) religion
e) ideology f) philosophy
3. A form of public consciousness that performs the function of legislative regulation of people's behavior:
a) economic consciousness b) political consciousness
c) legal consciousness d) moral consciousness
e) aesthetic f) religious
g) scientific h) philosophical
4. What is the means of expression of philosophical consciousness, in contrast to other forms of spirit?
a) legend; b) faith; c) artistic image;
d) interest; e) knowledge; f) principle; g) the norm.
5. Language is:
a) a system of signs for communication b) a system of concepts and symbols
c) a system of judgments and inferences d) a system of images, copies
6. Philosophical science, considering the problems of knowledge:
e) philosophy of man
7. Philosophy that claims that the world is unknowable:
a) agnosticism b) sensationalism
8. Philosophical theory, which prioritizes sensory cognition:
a) empiricism b) intuitionism
c) rationalism d) sensationalism
9. The active side in cognition:
a) truth
b) delusion
d) falsification
11. The main criterion for verifying the truth of knowledge is:
a) life experience b) practice
12. Science is, first of all:
13. Science as a sociocultural phenomenon is studied in philosophy, first of all, as:
a) cognitive activity b) social institution
14. The doctrine that exaggerates the importance of science in the development of society is called:
a) scientism b) antiscientism
c) internalism d) externalism
15. . The component of scientific knowledge, which is a priority in modern science:
16. The level of scientific knowledge, which has the goal of obtaining general attitudes, principles of scientific knowledge:
c) metatheoretical
17. The Scientific Revolution is:
18. The method of cognition is:
19. Form of scientific knowledge – this is:
20. The form of knowledge that necessitates a new research:
a) fact b) problem
c) hypothesis d) theory
21. The stage of scientific research, which is the most difficult:
e) registration of research results
f) implementation of research results
TESTS ON THE TOPIC: "PHILOSOPHY OF KNOWLEDGE"
1. Philosophical science, considering the problems of knowledge:
a) ontology b) natural philosophy
c) social philosophy d) epistemology
e) philosophy of man
2. Philosophy that claims that the world is unknowable:
a) agnosticism b) sensationalism
c) rationalism d) irrationalism
3. Philosophers who claim that the world is unknowable:
a) Plato, Aristotle, Socrates
b) Pyrrho, Hume, Kant
c) Hegel, Marx, Lenin
d) Sartre, Camus, Popper
4. Philosophical theory that prioritizes sensory cognition:
a) empiricism b) intuitionism
c) rationalism d) sensationalism
5. The active side in cognition:
a) the object of knowledge b) the subject of knowledge
c) interaction of subject and object d) knowledge
6. Cognition is directed:
a) from sensual to abstract, from him to practice
b) from practice to the abstract, from him to the sensual
c) from practice to the sensual, from him to the abstract
a) truth b) delusion
c) lie d) falsification
8. The main criterion for verifying the truth of knowledge is:
a) life experience b) practice
c) proven knowledge d) majority opinion
9. Knowledge for a person, first of all, is necessary:
a) as an element of erudition b) as an algorithm of action
c) as an element of culture d) knowledge - grief from the mind
10. Science is, first of all:
a) a form of spirit that provides an understanding of the world
b) a special institution organizing the work of scientists
c) a specific type of cognition aimed at obtaining new knowledge
11. Science as a sociocultural phenomenon is studied in philosophy, first of all, as:
a) cognitive activity
b) social institution
c) disciplinary knowledge
d) cultural element
e) spirit form
12. Find the correspondence between the teachings and their content:
a) scientism A) the doctrine of the internal causes of the development of science
b) anti-scientism B) the doctrine of exaggeration of the significance of science
c) internalism C) the doctrine of the external causes of the development of science d) externalism d) the doctrine of diminishing the importance of science
e) logocentrism E) the doctrine of the weakness of science in cognition
f) agnosticism E) the doctrine of science as the main subject of philosophy
13. Component of scientific knowledge, which is a priority in modern science:
a) the subject of cognition b) the object (subject) of cognition
c) methods of cognition d) language of science
14. The level of scientific knowledge, which has the goal of obtaining general attitudes, principles of scientific knowledge:
a) empirical b) theoretical
c) metatheoretical
15. The Scientific Revolution is:
a) increase in knowledge b) quantitative change in science
c) a qualitative revolution in science d) stagnation in science
16. The method of cognition is:
a) a certain way that directs and regulates human cognitive activity,
b) a certain technique that determines the cognitive activity of a person
c) a certain technique that does not affect the cognitive activity of a person
17. The criterion underlying the classification of general scientific methods of cognition:
a) convenience of consideration for researchers;
b) belonging to the levels (empirical or theoretical) of knowledge;
c) importance for scientific research;
d) the historical sequence of the emergence and formation of methods.
18. Form of scientific knowledge – this is:
a) method of organizing knowledge b) method of organizing knowledge
c) reception of knowledge storage d) knowledge system
19. A form of knowledge that necessitates a new study:
a) fact b) problem
c) hypothesis d) theory
20. The stage of scientific research, which is the most difficult:
a) collecting facts b) developing hypotheses
c) developing an idea d) developing a theory
e) implementation of research results
21. Sciences are classified into groups:
a) mathematics, natural sciences, technical sciences, social sciences and humanities
b) natural and mathematical sciences, biological and chemical sciences, engineering and technical sciences, social sciences and humanities
TESTS ON THE TOPIC "HUMAN PHILOSOPHY"
1. An integral part of philosophy devoted to the problems of identifying the nature and essence of man?
a) ontology b) natural philosophy
c) social philosophy d) philosophical anthropology
2. A theory that believes that the essence of a person is manifested in the fact that he is a social being:
a) naturalizing b) cosmological
c) religious d) psychological
e) sociological e) systemic
3. Teaching that elevates the value of a person:
a) personalism b) biologism
c) psychologism d) sociologism
e) historicism
4. Find the correspondence between theory and position - a person is:
a) naturalizing a) cosmobiopsychosocial being
b) cosmological b) sinful creature
c) religious c) natural being
d) psychologizing d) social being
e) sociological e) irrational being
f) systemic f) alien creature
5. Find the correspondence of terms and their meanings:
a) a person a) social quality of a person
b) subject b) uniqueness, originality of a person
c) personality c) individual representative of the human race
d) individual d) cosmobiopsychosocial being
e) individuality e) active and knowing person
6. The main criterion for assessing a person's maturity:
a) social position of a person b) social functions of a person
c) real actions of a person d) social activity of a person e) social status
7. Source of human self-development:
a) ability b) needs
c) motives d) interests
e) goals f) values
8. The goal of man's spiritual mastery of the world:
a) finding happiness b) achieving the goal
c) gaining knowledge d) understanding the meaning of life
e) gaining power over oneself
9. The meaning of life is:
a) the main goal in life b) satisfaction of needs
c) life for others d) enjoyment, life for yourself
e) value goal, guideline in human life
10. What is the priority of a person in life?
a) live in such a way that it would not be offensive to die;
b) live in such a way as to try and learn everything in life;
c) self-actualize and thereby improve the world around;
d) to live imperceptibly;
e) become great, leave a memory of yourself.
11. The doctrine that prescribes for people self-denial, rejection of worldly goods and pleasures:
a) hedonism b) humanism c) altruism d) pragmatism
e) asceticism f) eudemonism
12. What is the main intrinsic value for a person?
a) property b) life
c) money d) power
e) self-affirmation f) glory
13. Death from a philosophical point of view is:
a) death is punishment for human sin
b) death is a transition into another being
c) death is the liberation of the spirit from the mortal body
d) death is the natural end of a person's life as an individual, but its continuation as a generic being
14. A philosopher who formulated the main goal in human life as a guide to the principle of "good will to life"?
a) I. Kant b) K. Marx
c) A. Schweitzer d) E. Fromm
15. Human freedom is:
a) the ability to do as you want;
b) a person can never be free
c) human independence from the laws of nature and society
d) knowledge of the laws of nature and society and human actions based on this knowledge
16. Human happiness is:
a) the opportunity to make a lot of money
b) a person can never be happy
c) the independence of a person from other people
d) a favorable and comfortable life
17. "Golden rule" of optimal human behavior in society:
a) be altruist b) be selfish
c) not wanting to another what you do not want for yourself
d) put public interests above personal
e) put personal interests above public
18. Immortality of a person is possible in the continuation of oneself in children, in the realization of oneself in deeds, in the memory of people - he said:
a) Socrates
Test items.
1. Find the correspondences between the philosophy section and the main category:
A) ontology; 4 1) beauty;
b) epistemology; 3 2) morality;
c) ethics; 2 3) truth;
d) aesthetics; 1 4) being.
2. Establish the correspondence between the philosophical category and its author:
A) moral imperative; 3 1) Democritus;
b) an atom; 1 2) Aristotle;
c) ethics; 2 3) Kant;
d) being; 4 4) Parmenides.
3. Society is the subject of research of such philosophical science as:
A) cultural studies;
* b) social philosophy;
c) epistemology;
d) political science;
e) economics.
4.From Huntington's perspective, the relationship between civilizations in the future will lead to:
* a) conflict;
b) the world;
c) self-isolation of civilizations;
d) united civilization;
e) a classless society.
5. The individual in philosophy is understood as:
A) a synonym for the concept of "person";
* b) generic concept, i.e. expressing the common features inherent in the human race;
c) a stable system of socially significant traits, the characteristics of a person as a member of society;
e) social "mask".
6. Personality in philosophy is understood as:
A) a synonym for the concepts "individual", "person";
b) a generic concept, that is, expressing the general features inherent in the human race;
* c) a stable system of socially significant traits, the characteristics of a person as a member of society;
d) the totality of the physical abilities of an individual;
e) social "mask".
7. When using the concept of "personality" means such qualities as:
a) age differences;
b) physical differences;
* c) spiritual, social qualities acquired by each person;
d) neurodynamic differences (properties of the nervous system).
8. The specificity of philosophical anthropology lies in the fact that it is;
a) examines the biological parameters of a person;
b) explores the origin and formation of man;
* c) tries to define the essence of man, human in man;
d) explores social determinants in human behavior;
e) tries to determine the direction of the further development of mankind.
9. The term "anthropogenesis" means:
* a) the process of historical and evolutionary formation of the physical type of a person;
d) the process of human development from the moment of birth to death.
10. The term "phylogeny" means:
* a) the process of human development from primitiveness to modern times;
b) the process of the historical formation of the social essence of a person;
c) the process of forming a "superman";
e) the process of human development from the moment of birth to death.
11. The term "ontogeny" means:
a) the process of human development from primitiveness to modern times;
b) the process of the historical formation of the social essence of a person;
c) the process of forming a "superman";
d) the process of state formation;
* e) the process of human development from the moment of birth to death.
a) purposeful influence of the subject on the subject;
b) the instinctive activity of a living being;
* c) the purposeful influence of the subject on the object (where another subject can be a special case of the object);
d) the impact of the object on the subject.
13. The socialization process means:
a) active participation of a person in public life;
b) a person's belonging to a particular social group;
* c) assimilation and use of social and cultural experience by a person;
d) human participation in the socialist movement.
14. The term "culture" means (choose the most correct answer):
a) culture is a custom, a language;
b) culture is a generally accepted way of thinking (mentality);
* c) culture is a fusion of methods of activity and the results of this activity in the form of a set of created material and spiritual values;
d) culture is, first of all, a phenomenon of art.
15.From the point of view of hedonism, the meaning of life is that:
a) life is renunciation of the world and mortification of the flesh for the atonement of sins;
b) life is the pursuit of happiness as the true purpose of man;
* c) life is pleasures, preferably as diverse as possible, here and now;
d) to live means to benefit from everything;
e) life is a striving for God.
16. The subject of ethics is:
a) society;
b) a person;
* c) morality;
d) the meaning of life;
e) ideal.
17. A person's responsibility for their actions is possible only if there is:
* a) choice;
b) guilt;
c) force majeure;
d) necessity;
e) predetermination.
18. The section of philosophy that studies morality and specific phenomena of social life:
a) ontology;
b) axiology;
c) aesthetics;
* d) ethics;
e) anthropology.
19. Axiology is the doctrine of:
*
b) about beauty;
c) about good and evil;
20. The requirement of non-violence means, first of all, a refusal from:
* a) imposing his opinion on others;
b) encroachment on the life of another person;
c) encroachment on the property of another person;
d) commanding other people.
a) Heraclitus;
b) Protagoras;
c) Spinoza;
d) Plato;
* e) Aristotle.
a) Socrates;
b) Aristotle;
* c) Cicero;
d) Augustine the Blessed;
e) Thomas Aquinas.
23. Epistemology is a teaching:
a) about values, about their origin and essence;
b) about the development of the universe;
c) about being as such;
* d) about the essence of knowledge, about the ways of comprehending the truth;
24. Cognition in modern philosophy is mainly viewed as (indicate the most correct answer):
a) abilities, abilities, skills in a certain area of activity;
b) significant information in the aspect of activity;
c) objective reality, given in the consciousness of the acting person;
* d) the process of acquiring and developing knowledge due to practice.
25. The absolutization of the role and meaning of sensory data in philosophy is associated with the direction:
a) rationalism;
b) realism;
c) skepticism;
* d) sensationalism;
e) hedonism.
26. Deduction is:
* a) a logical path from the general to the particular;
b) transmission of false knowledge as true;
c) the ascent of knowledge from particular, single facts to generalizations of a higher order;
27. Induction is:
a) a logical path from the general to the particular;
b) presentation of false knowledge as true;
* c) the ascent of knowledge from particular, isolated facts to generalizations of a higher order;
d) the moment of intellectual enlightenment;
e) relative, incomplete truth.
28. The method of cognition in philosophy and science, when thought moves from general provisions to particular conclusions:
a) induction;
* b) deduction;
c) analysis;
d) synthesis.
29. Empiricism is:
a) direction in the theory of knowledge, considering thinking as the source of knowledge;
* b) direction in the theory of knowledge, which considers sensory experience to be the source of knowledge;
c) direction in the theory of knowledge, which considers absolute consciousness to be the source of knowledge;
d) direction in the theory of knowledge, which considers intuition to be the source of knowledge;
e) a trend in the theory of knowledge, which considers innate ideas to be the source of knowledge.
30. Agnosticism is:
a) doctrine in ontology, considering the problems of human existence;
* b) doctrine in epistemology, denying the possibility of reliable knowledge of the world;
c) the doctrine of the development of the world;
d) the doctrine of universal causation;
e) the doctrine of the essence of human history.
31. In philosophy, "agnosticism" is understood as:
a) consideration of the process of cognition;
b) consideration of objects of knowledge;
* c) complete or partial denial of the fundamental possibility of cognition;
d) doubt about the possibility of knowledge;
e) the method of cognition.
32. 11. The highest level of logical understanding; theoretical, reflective, philosophically thinking consciousness, operating with broad generalizations and focused on the most complete and deep knowledge of the truth is:
a) reason;
* b) mind;
c) feeling;
d) experience;
e) intuition.
33. The doctrine that asserts the limited capabilities of a person in the knowledge of the world is called:
a) materialism;
* b) skepticism;
c) empiricism;
d) idealism;
e) rationalism.
34. Levels of scientific knowledge (indicate all options):
* a) empirical;
b) religious;
* c) theoretical;
d) mythological;
e) dialectical.
35. A certain stage of the cognitive process, at which information about the object, received in sensations and perceptions, being preserved in consciousness, is reproduced later without the direct impact of the object on the subject is:
a) sensory reflection;
b) cognitive contact with the object of knowledge;
* c) presentation;
d) explanation;
e) noumenon.
36. The main forms of living contemplation (in the theory of knowledge as reflection) does not include:
a) presentation;
b) perception;
* c) idea;
d) sensation.
37. These forms of knowledge do not relate to theoretical knowledge:
a) concept;
* b) presentation;
c) inference;
d) judgment;
* e) perception.
38. The type of cognition, woven into the fabric of the subject's life, but not possessing evidentiary power, is called:
a) abstract;
b) theoretical;
* c) ordinary;
d) scientific;
e) divine.
39. Practice according to its functions in the process of cognition is not:
a) the basis of knowledge and its driving force;
b) the purpose of knowledge;
c) the criterion of truth;
* d) successful replacement of theoretical research and scientific creativity.
40. Since the truth does not depend on the knowing subject, it:
a) abstract;
* b) objective;
c) subjective;
d) absolute;
e) divine.
41. Concept, opposite in meaning to "truth" in epistemology:
A) propaganda;
* b) delusion;
c) judgment;
d) prejudice;
e) illusion.
42. The set of approaches, techniques, methods of solving various practical and cognitive problems is:
* a) technique;
b) development;
c) skill;
d) mechanism;
e) process.
43. What form of scientific knowledge does the concept of the alien origin of life on Earth refer to?
* a) hypothesis;
b) theory;
c) the problem;
d) paradigm;
e) model.
44. Science as a specific type of spiritual production and social institution emerged in the era:
a) antiquity;
b) the Middle Ages;
c) Renaissance;
* d) New time;
e) in the twentieth century.
45. The structural components of theoretical scientific knowledge are (indicate all correct options):
* a) the problem;
b) pain;
c) faith;
* d) hypothesis;
* e) theory.
46. In the theory of knowledge, mutually exclusive, but equally provable concepts are called:
47. Which of the definitions of rationality is considered in philosophy as the main one?
a) calculation of adequate funds for this purpose;
b) the best adaptability to the circumstances;
c) the logical validity of the rules of activity;
* d) the ability of the mind to comprehensively encompass nature, society and its own subjectivity.
48. The empirical methods of knowledge include (list all correct answers):
a) analysis;
* b) observation;
* c) experiment;
* d) measurement;
e) modeling.
49. The theoretical methods of cognition are (indicate all correct answers):
* a) analysis;
b) observation;
* c) idealization;
d) measurement;
* e) modeling.
50. When using this method, individual properties of the object under study are replaced with symbols or signs:
a) induction;
b) deduction;
* c) idealization;
d) observation;
e) analysis.
51. Scientific knowledge differs from other knowledge (list all correct answers):
* a) accuracy;
* b) validity;
* c) great predictive ability;
d) a large degree of fantasy (not necessarily justified);
e) its exceptional aesthetic value.
52. Science has such basic functions as (list all correct answers):
* a) ideological;
* b) methodological;
c) aesthetic;
d) political;
* e) predictive.
53. At the earliest stages of human history, such forms of cognition as:
a) scientific;
* b) everyday and practical;
* c) play;
d) philosophical;
* e) mythological.
54. Consciousness is considered as a property of highly organized matter, in a philosophical direction:
a) objective idealism;
b) subjective idealism;
* c) dialectical materialism;
d) existentialism;
e) Thomism.
55. The philosophical concept of reflection refers to the phenomenon:
a) empirical knowledge;
b) logical cognition;
v) intuitive knowledge;
* d) self-awareness;
e) subconsciousness.
56. Consciousness arises, functions and develops in the process:
a) growing up of a person;
* b) human interaction with reality;
c) getting an education;
d) scientific knowledge.
a) apeiron;
b) an atom;
c) logos;
* d) soul;
e) mind.
58. For the first time, the act of self-awareness as a condition for the reliability of knowledge of the world was considered by:
a) Marx;
b) Democritus;
* c) Descartes;
d) Bacon;
e) Hobbes.
59. In what era do consciousness begin to be viewed as a function of the human brain to reflect reality?
a) Antiquity;
b) the Middle Ages;
c) Revival;
* d) Enlightenment.
60. Hegel believed that consciousness:
a) is generated by matter;
b) the way of self-knowledge of matter;
* c) autonomously from matter;
d) depends on matter.
61. He was the first to combine consciousness and psyche:
a) Bacon;
b) Schelling;
* c) Freud;
d) Hegel;
e) Kant.
62. Reflection property:
a) is inherent only in inanimate matter;
b) is inherent only in living matter;
c) is inherent only in humans;
* d) this is a global property of matter.
63. From the point of view of vulgar materialism:
a) consciousness is a property of all matter;
b) consciousness is a property of living matter;
* c) consciousness is a substrate secreted by the brain;
d) consciousness is a property of a person.
64. Human consciousness differs from the psyche of vertebrates:
* a) the presence of abstract thinking and speech;
b) the ability to work with real objects;
c) the presence of advanced reflection;
d) the presence of irritability.
65. Select the three most characteristic functions of the language:
* a) constructive (a tool for expressing thoughts);
* b) reflective (an instrument of cognition);
c) political;
d) literary;
* e) communicative.
66. Human consciousness differs from the psyche of animals:
a) the ability to more clearly reflect the world around;
b) the ability to influence the surrounding world;
* c) the ability to reflect, i.e. self-knowledge;
d) the ability to adequately respond to environmental influences.
67. Ontology is a teaching:
a) about values, about their origin and essence;
b) about the development of the universe;
* c) about being as such;
d) about the spiritual culture of society and man;
e) about the essence of human history.
68. Which of the ancient philosophers was the first to formulate the concept of "being"?
a) Pythagoras;
b) Heraclitus;
* c) Parmenides;
d) Plato;
e) Socrates.
69. Which of these philosophical concepts arose first?
a) matter;
b) being;
c) substance;
* d) the beginning.
70. Aristotle put forward a dual concept of understanding of being:
* a) passive matter and active form;
b) active matter and passive form;
c) active consciousness and passive form;
d) passive consciousness and active form.
71. Development, accompanied by the emergence of a more perfect quality in comparison with the previous one:
a) degradation;
b) decline;
c) regression;
* d) progress;
e) integration.
72. Objective connection between individual states of types and forms of matter in the processes of its movement and development:
* a) causality;
b) determinism;
c) dualism;
d) synergy;
e) induction.
73. Determinism is a doctrine:
a) about divine predestination;
b) about the universal cognizability of the world;
* c) about the universal lawful connection, causation of phenomena;
d) about the unknowability of the world;
e) about the creation of the world.
74. Materialists assert that:
a) there are two independent and equal principles (principles): material and spiritual;
b) the fundamental principle of the world, nature, existence is the spiritual principle;
* c) matter exists absolutely, it is uncreate and indestructible, infinite in the forms of its manifestation;
d) the world was created by God out of nothing.
75. Materialists assert that matter is:
a) passive beginning, transformed under the influence of consciousness;
* b) objective reality given to a person in sensations;
c) the absolute One;
d) an abstract concept.
76. Idealists argue that:
* a) the fundamental principle of the world, nature, existence is the spiritual principle;
b) there are two independent and equal principles (principles): material and spiritual;
c) matter exists absolutely, it is uncreate and indestructible, infinite in the forms of its manifestation;
d) matter consists of eternal, unchanging and indivisible particles - atoms;
e) the world was created by God out of nothing.
77. Pantheism is:
* a) a doctrine that denies a personal God and brings him closer to nature, sometimes identifying them;
b) a doctrine that affirms the knowability of the world;
c) teaching about the spiritual culture of society;
d) about the essence of knowledge, about the ways of comprehending the truth;
e) about the essence of human history.
78. Hylozoism is:
a) the doctrine of nature;
* b) doctrine that recognizes "life" as an integral property of matter;
c) the doctrine of being as such;
d) the doctrine of the world as such;
e) the doctrine of the spiritual culture of society and man.
79. What is the beginning in materialistic philosophical concepts?
a) spirit;
b) consciousness;
* c) matter;
d) logos;
e) experience.
80. What is the beginning in idealistic philosophical concepts?
* a) spirit;
b) deity;
c) matter;
d) logos;
e) experience.
81. An irreversible, unidirectional and regular change leading to the emergence of a new quality is:
a) movement;
b) deformation;
c) regression;
* d) development;
e) transformation.
82. The form of being of matter, expressing the duration of its existence, the sequence of changing states in the change and development of all material systems:
* a) time;
b) space;
in motion;
d) development;
e) interaction.
83. The form of being of matter, which characterizes its length, structure, coexistence and interaction of elements in all material systems:
a) time;
* b) space;
in motion;
d) development;
e) interaction.
84. The main interpretations of space and time include:
* a) substantial;
* b) relational;
c) irrational;
d) existential;
* e) subjective-idealistic.
85. The universal form of existence of matter is:
a) immobility;
b) consciousness;
*in motion;
d) a certain set of forms;
e) limited space.
86. An essential, persistent and repetitive relationship is:
a) phenomenon;
* b) law;
c) condition;
d) quality;
e) karma.
87. Objective idealism recognizes the following proposition:
a) the world consists of material bodies, and each body is made up of the smallest particles;
b) peace is the arena of war of all against all;
c) the world was created by God, and everything happens in it according to the will from above;
d) the world is a set of experiences, ideas, aspirations and ideals of a particular person;
* e) the world of visible things is only a reflection of the real world of perfect prototypes that exist eternally and invariably.
88. The basic laws of dialectics are (indicate all correct options):
* a) the law of unity and struggle of opposites;
b) the law of the sky (Li);
* c) the law of mutual transition of quality and quantity;
* d) the law of negation of negation;
e) the law of moral retribution.
89. Dialectics is:
* a) the doctrine of universal connections and laws of development of nature, society, thinking;
b) doctrine that considers the source and final goal of all changes in the nature of God;
c) a set of methods used in any area of human activity;
d) the doctrine of a universal causal relationship;
e) the doctrine of divine predestination.
90. Methods of philosophical knowledge are:
a) analysis and synthesis;
b) induction and deduction;
c) description and comparison;
* d) dialectics and metaphysics.
91. The philosophical concept, according to which the world has a single basis for all that exists, is called ...
* a) monism
b) dualism
c) relativism
d) skepticism
92. That which exists by itself and does not depend on anything else, philosophers call ...
* a) substance
b) substrate
c) attribute
d) cause
93. “Matter did not always exist, and there was a moment when it did not exist at all,” they say ...
* a) creationists
b) materialists
c) spiritualists
d) naturalists
94. The subject of philosophy is not questions ...
* a) of a private, specific nature
b) a general understanding of nature
c) general understanding of a person
d) general understanding of cognition
95.From the position of _______________, consciousness is a kingdom of ideas, feelings, will, independent of material existence, capable of creating and constructing reality
* a) idealism
b) materialism
c) dualism
d) realism
96. The philosophical teaching, which affirms the equality of the two principles - material and spiritual, is called ...
* a) dualism
b) monism
c) agnosticism
d) deism
97. Being as an objective reality is designated by the term ...
* a) matter
b) consciousness
c) substrate
d) substance
98. The doctrine of the plurality of substances - the monads developed ...
* a) Leibniz
b) Spinoza
c) Descartes
d) Holbach
99. Recognition of the "possibility of the impossible", ie. a miracle, naturally inexplicable events, is a necessary component of ________ worldview
* a) religious
b) scientific
c) philosophical
d) artistic
100. The philosophical position, which presupposes a multitude of initial foundations and beginnings of being, is called ...
* a) pluralism
b) dualism
c) providentialism
d) skepticism
Philosophical terms and categories.
1. Determinism- a philosophical doctrine of an objective, regular causal relationship and interdependence of things, processes and phenomena of the real world.
2. Idealism- a philosophical trend, which proceeds from the primacy of the spiritual in relation to the material.
3. Materialism- a philosophical trend, which proceeds from the primacy of the material in relation to the spiritual.
4. Humanism- philosophical views based on the recognition of the intrinsic value of Man and his rights to absolute freedom with the aim of development and self-expression.
5. Ontology- doctrine of Being
6. Epistemology- the doctrine of Knowledge
7. Axiology- teaching about Values
8. Scientism- absolutization of the role of Science in society.
9. Irrationalism- a philosophical doctrine that denies the fundamental importance of Reason
10. Nihilism- a philosophical doctrine that denies the fundamental importance of Values
11. Sensationalism- a philosophical direction that deduces all knowledge from Feeling
12. Pantheism- this is the idea that God exists everywhere in the world (nature).
13. Hylozoism- a philosophical trend that considers all matter to be Living and animate.
14. Rationalism- a direction in the theory of knowledge, highlighting Rational, abstract knowledge.
15. Empiricism- a direction in the theory of knowledge, highlighting Sensual knowledge.
16. Mechanism- a one-sided method of cognition based on the recognition of the Mechanical form of movement as the only objective one.
17. Subjectivism- an ideological position denying the existence of the Objective laws of nature and society.
18. Natural philosophy(philosophy of Nature) - a philosophical trend that created a new picture of the world, free from theology, relying on the achievements of natural science.
19. Relativism- a methodological principle that absolutizes the relativity and conventionality of the content of cognition.
20. Theocentrism- a picture of the world, placing God in the center of the universe
21. Anthropocentrism- a picture of the world, placing Man in the center of the universe
22. Conventionalism- a philosophical trend emphasizing that scientific postulates rest on the Agreement, the agreement of scientists.
23. Hedonism- an ethical direction that considers Pleasure, pleasure as the main motive of human activity.
24. Voluntarism- a philosophical trend that recognizes Will as the fundamental principle of being
25. Pick up a term that is the opposite of the concept of "materialism". Idealism
26. Pick up a term that is opposite to the concept of "idealism". Materialism
27. Pick up a term that is the opposite of realism. Nominalism
28. Choose a term that is the opposite of the concept of "nominalism". Realism
29. Choose a term that is opposite to the concept of "agnosticism". Gnosticism, epistemological optimism
30. Pick up a term that is opposite to the concept of "induction". Deduction
31. Pick up a term that is the opposite of deduction. Induction
32. Pick up the opposite term, the concept of "dialectics". Metaphysics
33. Pick up the term opposite to the concept of "empiricism". Rationalism
34. Pick up a term opposite to the concept of "rationalism". Empiricism
35. Choose the term opposite to the concept of "truth" in epistemology. Delusion
36. Choose a term opposite to the concept of "causality". Accident
Philosophy answer tests deepen students' knowledge
University students may be faced with the study of a philosophy course, which is designed to fully cognize the wisdom of the ancient philosophers, their thoughts and views, and later, perhaps, to form their own worldview. There are a lot of materials on the course, you can study philosophy on your own, since the subject is theoretical. But teachers need to test the knowledge of students (in some cases, the student himself would like to test his knowledge). For this, teachers use various means of testing knowledge, for example: oral testing, written testing, test work, test. Philosophy tests are one of the most convenient and profitable tests of knowledge. It is easy for a teacher to check - numbers and letters are written in the test, and a whole stream of students can be checked very quickly. The student will write the answers "after the fact" - as he knows the material, and will write. Let's consider a few examples of tests and their effectiveness in studying the subject of philosophy.
From the Greek language, the word "philosophy" is translated as:
A) love of truth
B) love of wisdom
C) doctrine of the world
D) divine wisdom
In this example, you can, in fact, test the student's elementary knowledge of philosophy and the world. It is not even necessary to know Greek to answer this question - the student's logic will be enough to successfully answer the question posed.
The main principle of ancient philosophy was:
A) cosmocentrism
B) theocentrism
C) anthropocentrism
D) scientism
In this case, you can easily check how the student orientates himself in the times and analyzes the passed material. Theocentrism - based on God as the foundation of everything - was characteristic of the Middle Ages. Anthropocentrism (human base) was characteristic of the Renaissance. We can say that Socrates laid its foundation, but the anthropocentric worldview was not characteristic of the ancient era. Scientists believed in science, which is not characteristic of Antiquity, but is characteristic of the twentieth century.
The only answer is cosmocentrism, a belief based on space as the main system.
1. What is the subject of philosophy in a broad sense?
a. Relationship with God or another higher being
B. General essential characteristics of the world, the relationship of man to nature and society
v. Physical reality, its characteristics
Test number 2. What does the term "philosophy" mean?
a. Love of reasoning
b. Love of thinking
C. Love for wisdom
3 - Test. The worldview is -
A. The system of views of a person on the world as a whole, his place in the world, the meaning of life
b. The system of views of groups of people, expressing their interests and attitude to social reality
v. Mature personality preference system
Test - 4. What is the subject of philosophy as a science?
a. Origin and essence of values
B. Fundamental Principles of Being
v. The principles of the development of the universe
5. What philosophers are the main representatives of existentialism?
a. Camus, Freud, Florensky
b. Sartre, Spengler, Schelling
W. Camus, Sartre, Kierkegaard
Test number 6. What is the chronological framework for the development of ancient philosophy?
A. end of the 7th century BC NS. - VI century. n. NS.
b. end of the 1st century BC NS. - VI century. n. NS.
v. the beginning of the 2nd century BC NS. - V century. n. NS.
7. What subsection of philosophy studies moral values and moral norms?
a. Axiology
b. Epistemology
B. Ethics
8. Test. What is the peculiarity of ancient Eastern philosophy?
a. Access to understanding the world is possible only through knowledge
b. Celebrating the dignity of man as a person
B. The basis is based on mythological ideas about the world and man
9 - Test. What is the main feature of Russian philosophy?
a. Idealism
b. Messianism
B. Moral and religious character
10 - Test. How is the main question of philosophy formulated?
A. What is primary: spirit or matter?
b. What are good and evil?
v. What are the criteria for defining true knowledge?
Test. 11. How is the word "philosophy" translated from the Greek language?
a. Love of life
B. Love for wisdom
v. Love for truth
12. What is the central problem of modern philosophy?
A. Human cognition of the world
b. The inner world of the personality
v. Logical analysis of the language of science
13. What concepts are important for the philosophy of the Renaissance?
a. Return to Christian principles
B. Return to the ideas of antiquity
v. Return to medieval scholasticism
14. What is most characteristic of the philosophy of the Renaissance?
A. Anthropocentrism
b. Theocentrism
v. Egocentrism
15. What religious system was the starting point for the formation of philosophical thinking in India?
A. Brahmanism
b. Buddhism
v. Taoism
16. What law of Hegel's dialectics does not exist?
A. Energy conservation law
b. The law of negation of negation
v. The law of the unity of opposites
17. What ancient Greek thinker believed that the main task is self-knowledge?
a. Plato
B. Socrates
v. Aristotle
18. Which of the Russian classical writers most influenced the development of idealistic philosophy in Russia?
a. L. N. Tolstoy
B. F. M. Dostoevsky
v. A. S. Pushkin
19. What is the main idea of the philosophy of V. S. Solovyov?
A. The Idea of Sophia - Divine Wisdom
b. The idea of non-resistance to evil by violence
v. The idea of a revolutionary renewal of society
20. What ancient Greek philosopher considered fire to be the basis of everything?
A. Heraclitus
b. Anaximander
v. Anaximen
21. How do the followers of Buddhism formulate the first "noble" truth?
a. There is a path that helps you free yourself from suffering
b. Suffering has a reason
C. Being a person is associated with suffering
22. Which philosophers are prominent representatives of structuralism?
A. F. de Saussure, C. Levi-Strauss
b. M. Heidegger, S. de Beauvoir
v. J. Habermas, K. Popper
a. N. Muravyov-Apostol
b. A. Radishchev
V. P. Chaadaev
24. What is philosophy for, according to Aristotle?
a. To properly educate a real citizen
B. To achieve true knowledge
v. To help a person change the world
25. What was the main goal of scholasticism in the Middle Ages?
a. Refute the existence of God
b. Analyze the Bible from a scientific point of view
C. Protect religion and its truths
26. What form of being is at the center of the problematic of existential philosophy?
a. Being of nature
b. Society being
B. The individual being of a person
27. What is meant by the term "movement" in philosophy?
a. Moving a body or object in space
B. Any change in general
v. Converting matter to energy and vice versa
28. Which direction of philosophy completely denies the existence of an ideal reality?
A. Vulgar materialism
b. Objective materialism
v. Subjective materialism
29. What is the name of a fictional situation, not devoid of logic, which cannot exist in reality?
a. Paradox
b. Sophism
V. Aporia
30. How exactly do existentialist philosophers understand freedom?
a. As a clearly recognized need
B. As an opportunity to choose
v. As the ability to reveal the natural inclinations of a person
31. The first ideas about philosophy in Russia were formed after
a. coming to the reign of Rurik
b. the offensive of the Mongol-Tatar yoke
B. Baptism of Rus
32. Self-awareness, freedom of choice, responsibility characterize
A. personality
b. individual
v. human
a. edifying conversation
B. talking with another to gain true knowledge
v. banter conversation
34. The main method of scientific knowledge, according to F. Bacon, should be
a. modeling
B. inductive
v. deductive
35. The main problem solved by the philosophers-representatives of the Miletus school
A. beginning
b. the fundamental impossibility of knowing the surrounding reality
v. nature material and spiritual
36. The main functions of philosophy
A. worldview, epistemological
b. ideological, social
v. epistemological, cognitive
37. Idealism is characterized by such a statement as
a. it is impossible to determine what is primary: matter or consciousness
B. is primary consciousness, matter does not exist independently of it
v. matter is primary, consciousness is not associated with it
38. Belief in the highest absolute values lies at the heart of
A. philosophy of religion
b. philosophy of culture
v. philosophy of Christianity
39. Aristotle attributed to the sphere of chrematistics
A. usury
b. agriculture
v. craft
40. In the cognitive process, the active creative side is
a. super-I
B. consciousness
v. unconscious
41. For the first time, the concept of being in philosophy was used
a. Anaximen
B. Parmenides
v. Anaximander
42. The basic principle of ancient philosophy was
a. theocentrism
b. anachronism
B. cosmocentrism
43. Test. The subject of philosophy is:
A. universal in the "world-man" system
b. essence of being
v. nature and society
44. A characteristic feature of medieval philosophy is
a. balance between theocentrism and scientism
B. the dominance of theocentrism
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND YOUTH POLICY OF THE VORONEZH REGION
STATE BUDGETARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
VORONEZH REGION
"VORONEZH POLYTECHNICAL TECHNICUM"
Collection of tests and control tasks
in the discipline "Fundamentals of Philosophy"
study guide for knowledge control
specialties 15.02.08 Technology of mechanical engineering, 23.02.03 Maintenance and repair of road transport, 19.02.10 Technology of public catering products
Voronezh 2016
Compiled by: teacher Stolyarova N.V.
Computer typesetting and layout were made by N.V. Stolyarova.
Voronezh, GBPOU VO "VPT" ", 2016, 29 p.
Textbook for the control of students' knowledge. Voronezh, "VPT", - p. 29.
The manual is intended to control the knowledge of students in the discipline "Fundamentals of Philosophy". The collection contains test and control tasks and correct answers.
Explanatory note
The approximate list of control and test tasks for the academic discipline "Fundamentals of Philosophy" is intended to implement state requirements for a minimum content and level of training of graduates in all specialties, secondary vocational education and is the same for all forms of education.
The academic discipline "Fundamentals of Philosophy" is a general educational discipline in the structure of secondary vocational education and serves as an important means of forming a general humanitarian and philosophical culture of thinking.
As a result of studying the discipline, the student musthave an idea:
- about the history of philosophy;
- about the main currents of modern philosophical thought;
know:
- basic concepts, principles and laws of philosophy;
be able to:
- carry out a philosophical analysis of the surrounding reality.
The knowledge, abilities and skills acquired by students in the course of studying the course can be applied by them in the course of their professional activities.
To determine the degree of assimilation by students of the content of the program material, control work is carried out on the main topics of the course being studied.
The number of test options, the number of questions in each option, their content are approximate and can be changed by the teacher.
1. Examination on the topic: “Fundamentals of philosophy. The subject of philosophy, the main sections of philosophy. "
2. Test number 1 on the topic: "Ancient philosophy".
3. Test number 2 on the topic: "The development of philosophical thought from Antiquity to modern times."
4. Test number 3 on the topic: "German classical philosophy".
5. Test No. 4 on the topic: "Russian philosophy".
6. Answers to test tasks
7. List of literature.
Examination on the topic “Fundamentals of Philosophy. The subject of philosophy, the main sections of philosophy. "
Option 1.
1.What is a mythological worldview? What are its main features?
2. What sections of philosophy are usually distinguished in science? Describe each of them.
3. What is the specificity of philosophical knowledge? What are the features of philosophical knowledge?
4. List the main methods of philosophy and describe them.
Option 2.
1.What is religion? What are the main functions of religion?
2. List the main basic categories of philosophy and describe them.
3. What are the main functions of philosophy? Describe the main functions.
4. What are the main directions in philosophical knowledge? Describe any two directions.
Option 3.
1.What is philosophy? What stages of evolution did philosophy go through in its development? Give them a characterization.
2. What is the main problem of philosophy? How is it solved at different stages of the development of philosophy?
3. What is materialism? What are its features?
4. What is the current state of the main question of philosophy? What are its prospects?
Test on the topic: "Ancient philosophy"
Option 1.
2. To what form of materialism can the teaching of Thales of Miletus be attributed:
a) dialectical materialism;
b) mechanistic materialism;
c) anthropological materialism;
d) spontaneous materialism.
3. Representatives of the Milesian school are called spontaneous materialists, because they:
a) took material elements as the fundamental principle of the world;
b) openly asserted the primacy of matter over spirit;
c) denied the presence of material;
d) formulated an atomistic concept;
e) denied the possibility of knowing the world.
4. Ontology of Democritus is based on the principle:
a) the world consists of invisible, indivisible particles - atoms;
b) the primary element of the world is apeiron;
c) any thing in the world is a combination of matter and form;
d) the primary element of the world is number;
e) knowledge of the world is impossible.
5. Idea, according to Plato:
a) material and intelligible;
b) intangible, but intelligible;
c) material, but incomprehensible;
d) intangible and incomprehensible;
e) construction of consciousness
6. This ancient philosopher wrote: “Since the soul is immortal, then there is nothing that it does not know; therefore, it is not surprising that she is able to remember what she previously knew. And since everything in nature is related to each other, and the soul has known everything, nothing prevents the one who remembered one thing from finding everything else for himself: after all, to seek and to know is exactly what it means to remember. "
a) Aristotle;
b) Democritus;
c) Plato;
d) Protagoras;
e) Pythagoras.
7. Plato in his "State" divided society into three classes:
a) poor, wealthy, rich;
b) peasants, artisans, burghers;
c) nobles, priests, peasants;
d) philosophers, warriors, artisans;
e) peasants, workers, intelligentsia.
8. This ancient philosopher wrote: “... The state is a product of natural development and that man by his nature is a political being. He who lives by virtue of his nature, and not as a result of random circumstances, outside the state, is either a superman, or a being morally underdeveloped ... "
a) Aristotle;
b) Plato;
c) Plotinus;
d) Democritus;
e) Seneca.
9. Determine the doctrine of which philosopher the following principles belong:
The First Cause of Being Philosopher
1.water; a) Democritus;
2. apeiron; b) Anaximander;
3. fire; c) Pythagoras;
4. number; d) Thales;
5.atoms; e) Heraclitus.
10. Establish the correspondence of the philosopher to a particular school:
1. Parmenides; a) atomists;
2. Democritus; b) Eleyskaya school;
3. Anaximander; c) Milesian school;
4. Plotinus; d) neoplatonism;
5. Pyrrho; e) skeptics.
11. Establish the correspondence of the teacher to the student:
Teacher Student:
1. Plato; a) Anaximander;
2. Socrates; b) Aristotle;
3. Aristotle; c) Alexander the Great;
4. Thales; d) Plato.
12. Establish the sequence of philosophical schools of antiquity:
a) the Pythagoreans;
b) Milesian school;
c) Lyceum;
d) Academy;
e) neoplatonists.
Option 2.
1. The later author wrote about the teachings of this philosopher:
"This cosmos, one and the same for all that exists, was not created by any God or any man, but it has always been, is and will be an eternally living fire, measures that light up and measures that are extinguished."
a) Plato;
b) Aristotle;
c) Democritus;
d) Parmenides;
e) Heraclitus.
2. This ancient thinker first formulated the concept of "philosophy":
a) Pythagoras;
b) Plato;
c) Socrates;
d) Aristotle;
e) Democritus.
3. The founder of ancient atomism is:
a) Socrates;
b) Democritus-Leucippus;
c) Plato;
d) Aristotle;
e) Heraclitus.
4. This ancient thinker considered "man to be the measure of all things":
a) Protagoras;
b) Socrates;
c) Xenophanes;
d) Epicurus;
e) Democritus.
5. . True knowledge according to Plato is:
a) logically clear, rational knowledge;
b) mystical experience;
c) the memory of the soul of the ideas it saw in the other world;
d) knowledge based on experiment;
e) true knowledge is impossible.
6. Plato's "state" was:
a) a democratic state of equal opportunities;
b) a religious state;
c) a caste-type state, with a clear class division;
d) an absolute monarchy;
e) an oriental despotism.
7. According to Aristotle, every thing is:
a) a complex unity of the smallest particles - atoms;
b) the sensual image of the idea;
c) the unity of matter and form;
d) created from water;
e) construction of consciousness.
8. Determine in the concepts of which ancient philosophers the following categories play a dominant role:
Philosopher Main Categories
1. Plato; a) logos;
2. Heraclitus; b) idea;
3. Aristotle; d) form;
4. Democritus; e) atom;
5. Empedocles; f) love;
g) hatred.
9. Establish the correspondence of the philosopher to the philosophical direction:
1. materialism; a) Parmenides;
2. idealism; b) Democritus;
c) Aristotle;
d) Epicurus;
e) Plato.
10. Establish the sequence of philosophical teachings of antiquity:
a) "world of ideas";
b) "everything is out of water";
c) "at the base of everything lies a number";
d) "refraining from judgment."
11. From what, according to Anaxagoras, all things come from?
a) from fire
b) out of thin air
c) of four elements
d) from an immeasurable mixture of all
12. Whom in ancient Greece were called sophists?
a) natural philosophers
b) wise rulers
c) sages of hermits
d) paid teachers of rhetoric
Test on the topic: "The development of philosophical thought from Antiquity to modern times."
Option 1.
1. The method of cognition in philosophy and science, when thought moves from general provisions to particular ones:
a) induction
b) deduction
c) analysis
d) synthesis
2. Epistemology is a teaching:
a) about values
b) about the development of the universe
c) about being as such
3. A certain type of cognitive process. on which information about the object. received in sensations and perceptions, being preserved in consciousness, is reproduced later without the direct impact of the object on the subject - this is
a) sensory reflection
b) cognitive contact with the object of knowledge
c) presentation
d) explanation
e) noumenon
a) Augustine the Blessed 1) Renaissance
b) Nikolay Kuzansky 2) Antiquity
c) Kant 3) Modern times
d) Plato 4) Middle Ages
a) German classical philosophy 1) Antiquity
b) hermeneutics 2) the Middle Ages
c) patristics 3) modernity
d) sophistry 4) Modern times
6. Match the concepts and the philosophers who use them
a) being 1) Aristotle
b) form 2) Democritus
c) idea 3) Parmenides
d) atom 4) Plato
7. According to most historians of philosophy, F. Bacon was the ancestor of the European?
a) idealism and stoicism
b) objectivism and skepticism
c) empiricism and materialism
d) rationalism
e) panmatism
8. The initial principle of Descartes's philosophy:
a) doubt
b) dialectics
c) intuition
d) insight
e) logic
9. The philosophy of nature by J. Bruno is
a) deism
b) creationism
c) pantheism
d) dualism
e) materialism
10. According to Locke, the basis of all knowledge is:
a) sensations
b) idea
c) thought
d) word
e) intuition
11. The main dogma of the Christian doctrine regarding God is:
a) there is no God but Allah
b) God is one
c) God. being one and only, exists in three hypostases
d) God is Everything and everything is God
e) God is an impersonal spiritual reality
12. At the center of the thinking of the philosophers of the Middle Ages is:
a) nature
b) personality
c) God
d) ideal world
e) the process of cognition
13. Apologists for II in AD
a) were supporters of Julian the Apostate
b) defended, justified the Christian doctrine
c) for the first time revealed the desire of the soul for primacy
d) considered the opposition of spirit and matter
e) were supporters of atomism
14. The basis of spiritual life in the concept of Augustine is:
a) mind
b) will
c) experience
d) faith
e) passion
15. This medieval thinker belong to the five most complete ways of proving the existence of God
a) Augustine the Blessed
b) Thomas Aquinas
c) Anselm of Canterbury
d) Albert the Great
e) Tertullian
a) Anaximander
b) Empedocles
c) Thales
d) Plato
e) Aristotle
17. Plato's "state" was
a) a democratic state of equal opportunities
b) a religious state
c) a caste-type state. with a clear class division
d) absolute monarchy
e) an oriental despotism
18. According to Aristotle, every thing is:
a) a complex unity of the smallest particles - atoms
b) sensual image, idea
c) the unity of matter and form
d) created from water
e) construction of consciousness
19. Match teacher to student
Teacher: Student:
a) Plato 1) Aristotle
b) Socrates 2) Plato
c) Aristotle 3) Alexander the Great
d) Thales 4) Plato
Option 2.
1. Induction is
a) a logical path from the general to the particular
b) presentation of false knowledge as true
c) the ascent of knowledge from particular, single facts to generalizations of a higher order
d) a moment of intellectual enlightenment
e) relative, incomplete truth
2. Axiology is a teaching:
a) about values, b their origin and essence
b) about the development of the universe
c) about being as such
d) about the essence of knowledge, about the ways of comprehending the truth
e) about the essence of human history
3. What concept is superfluous in this list?
a) epistemological optimism
b) agnosticism
c) skepticism
d) anthropocentrism
4. Establish the correspondence between philosophers and the era:
a) Aristotle 1) Modern times
b) Locke 2) Antiquity
c) Voltaire 3) Middle Ages
d) Thomas Aquinas 4) Enlightenment
5. Establish the correspondence of the philosophical direction of the historical era:
a) encyclopedism 1) Antiquity
b) atomism 2) the Middle Ages
c) Freudianism 3) Modernity
d) scholasticism 4) Enlightenment
6. Correlate philosophical positions and their characteristics
a) anthropocentrism 1) denial of God
b) theocentrism 2) God is everywhere
c) pantheism 3) God in the center of the world
d) atheism 4) a person in the center of the world
7. Was the main working method of F. Bacon?
a) analysis
b) synthesis
c) deduction
d) induction
e) dialectics
8. Descartes considered the main method of obtaining truth:
a) contemplative analysis
b) empirical deduction
c) rational deduction
d) speculative synthesis
q0 dialectical method
9. This philosophy for the first time divided the power into three types (judicial, legislative, executive)
a) Spinoza
b) Locke
c) Descartes
d) Bacon
e) Nikolay Kuzansky
10. Indicate which philosophical directions characteristic of the Renaissance period
a) Pantheism
b) Sophistry
c) Milesian school
d) Existentialism
11. The main dogma of the Christian doctrine
a) dualism
b) trinity
c) deism
d) pantheism
e) skepticism
12. The most important branch of knowledge in the Middle Ages
a) philosophy
b) theology
c) science
d) logic
e) mathematics
13. The new quality of man discovered by medieval patristics
a) spirit
b) soul
into the mind
d) body
e) will
14. Scholasticism proclaimed the difference between
a) by faith and reason
b) feeling and thoughts
c) conscious and unconscious
d) reason and intuition
15. Establish the sequence of the philosophers of the Middle Ages
a) Thomas Aquinas
b) Augustine the Blessed
c) Philo of Alexandria
d) Tertullian
16. The founder of ancient atomism is
a) Socrates
b) Democritus
c) Plato
d) Aristotle
e) Heraclitus
17. Plato in his "State" divided society into three estates
a) poor, wealthy, rich
b) peasants, artisans, bourgeois
c) nobles, priests, peasants
d) philosophers, warriors, artisans
e) peasants, workers, intellectuals
18. Determine the doctrine of which philosopher the following principles belong
a) water 1) Democritus
b) apeiron 2) Anaximander
c) fire 3) Pythagoras
d) number 4) Thales
e) atoms 5) Heraclitus
19. Establish a sequence of philosophical teachings of antiquity
a) "world of ideas"
b) "all out of the water"
c) the number is at the bottom "
Test on the topic: "German classical philosophy"
Option 1.
1. In the philosophical work of I. Kant there are periods:
a) subcritical and critical;
b) materialistic and dialectical;
c) logical and ontological;
d) rational and irrational;
e) metaphysical and dialectical.
2. The transcendental according to Kant is:
a) learned empirically;
b) what is learned empirically and rationally;
c) cognized with the help of theoretical reason;
d) learned with the help of practical reason;
e) absolutely unknowable.
3. In addition to the phenomena, Kant distinguishes:
a) the world of things in themselves;
b) the world of consciousness in itself;
c) the world of feelings in oneself;
d) the world of ideas in itself;
e) God in himself.
4. A priori forms of sensory contemplation, according to Kant:
a) space and time;
b) space and thinking;
c) being and time;
d) sensation and presentation;
e) being and consciousness.
5. Kant substantiates the moral law, according to which a person is a "goal in himself", because:
a) the connection between sensory stimulus and behavior has the character of direct necessity;
b) man is a being capable of absolutely free autonomous motivation of behavior;
c) a person must coordinate his autonomous motivation with the motivation of other people, considering them as a means of achieving his goals;
d) a person must coordinate his autonomous motivation with the motivation of other people, considering them as a goal in himself;
e) man is created in the image and likeness of God.
6. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is:
a) the law of the ratio of the masses of the planets derived by him;
b) the Christian dogma criticized by him;
c) his civil position;
d) proof of the failure of any moral precepts;
e) an immutable moral requirement, a moral law.
7. Hegel's philosophy is:
a) realism;
b) absolute objective idealism;
c) materialism;
d) empiricism;
e) transcendental idealism.
8. According to Hegel, the fundamental principle of all that exists is:
a) matter;
b) consciousness;
c) the absolute idea (world spirit);
d) god;
e) existence has no fundamental principle, everything is groundless, transient.
9. In the Science of Logic, Hegel substantiates the thesis:
a) everything that exists is reasonable;
b) everything that exists is real;
c) everything that is reasonable exists;
d) everything that is reasonable is real.
10. The philosophy of L. Feuerbach is:
a) materialism;
b) idealism;
c) rationalism;
d) naturalism;
e) empiricism.
11. The materialistic concept of L. Feirbach was named:
a) spontaneous materialism;
b) naive materialism;
c) mechanistic materialism;
d) dialectical materialism;
e) anthropological materialism.
12. Feuerbach considered the main object of knowledge:
a) nature;
b) god;
c) a person;
d) cognition;
e) society.
13. Establish the correspondence of the philosopher to the philosophical doctrine:
4. philosophy of identity; d) Feuerbach.
14. Establish the correspondence of a philosophical treatise to a particular philosopher:
Option 2.
1. The philosophical treatise "Critique of Pure Reason" was written:
a) Hegel;
b) Descartes;
c) Kant;
d) Nietzsche;
e) Bacon.
2. According to Kant, "a thing-in-itself" is:
a) God;
b) the real existence of the potential world;
c) the existing world, which is completely inaccessible to us and can never become the object of our knowledge;
d) the same as phenomenal subjective being;
e) a set of transcendental subjects, the same that Plato called the "world of ideas."
3. According to Kant, an object and phenomenon in the world, given in perception, for a cognizing subject is:
a) a thing-in-itself;
b) a phenomenon;
c) noumenon;
d) illusion;
e) intuitive grasping.
4. According to Kant's theory, time and space:
a) are eternal real attributes of the substance;
b) do not really exist, but necessarily precede sensory experience;
c) arise situationally, as the knowledge of the world improves;
d) are inalienable properties of single things;
e) are primary in relation to matter.
5. The wording of Kant's categorical imperative reads: "Do so that the maxim of your behavior on the basis of your will can become ...":
a) the usual form of your behavior;
b) the principle of self-preservation instinct;
c) general law;
d) an example for others to follow;
e) legal law.
6. According to Kant, the moral value of an act is the higher, the more it:
a) complies with the current law;
b) gives personal satisfaction;
c) subject to an abstract sense of duty;
d) subject to the will of God;
e) associated with humane or friendly feelings.
7. Dialectics in Hegel's philosophical system:
a) speculative idealistic;
b) existential;
c) materialistic;
d) negative;
e) metaphorical.
8. In Hegel's system, world development is:
a) development of the spirit (absolute idea);
b) the process of a natural change of socio-economic formations;
c) the embodiment of the Divine plan;
d) the process of self-organization of matter;
e) Hegel denied development.
9. Hegel viewed history in his Philosophy of History as:
a) progressive development of science;
b) the self-directed formation of God;
c) the development of the world spirit in time;
d) the development of the world spirit in space;
e) moral progress.
10. Feuerbach considered religion:
a) ridiculous superstition;
b) absolutizing the subjective side of consciousness;
c) attribution of human attributes to God;
d) the realization of freedom;
e) an atavism of consciousness associated with people's fear of the forces of nature.
11. Establish the correspondence of the philosopher to the philosophical doctrine:
1.transcendental idealism; a) Hegel;
2. anthropological materialism; b) Kant;
3. absolute idealism; c) Schelling;
4. philosophy of identity; d) Feuerbach
12. Establish the correspondence of a philosophical treatise to a particular philosopher:
1. "Criticism of Pure Reason"; a) Hegel;
2. "On the essence of Christianity"; b) Kant;
3. "Science of Logic"; c) Schelling;
4. "The system of transcendental idealism"; d) Feuerbach.
13. In Fichte's philosophy, nature is
a) objective reality
b) the alienated product "I"
c) opposing "not-I"
d) transcendental "It"
14. Hegel believed that reality is based on
a) absolute identity
b) the absolute unconscious
c) absolute idea
d) absolute deity
1. Ideas of what direction in philosophy were clearly expressed in the activities of the "Vienna Circle"?
A) * neopositivism
B) philosophy of life
C) existentialism
D) personalism
E) postmodernism
2. The representative of the philosophy of the Renaissance is:
A) * N. Kuzansky
B) Epicurus
C) P. Abelard
D) R. Descartes
E) B. Spinoza
3. The idea of anthropocentrism belongs to the era
A) * Renaissance
B) Enlightenment
C) Medieval
D) Antiquity
E) New time
4. What was the central problem in the philosophy of N. Kuzansky:
A) * scientific ignorance
B) rational cognition
C) dual truth theory
D) the doctrine of monads
E) the doctrine of "innate ideas"
5. The philosopher of modern times, who introduced the term "monad" as a spiritual unit of being:
A) * Leibniz
B) Bacon
C) Locke
D) Hobbes
E) Descartes
6. Teaches about the nature of changes in the world as a whole:
A) * dialectic
B) biology
C) chemistry
D) astronomy
E) history
7. The principle of "dual truth" includes:
A) * separation of scientific and religious truths
B) notion of the relativity of truth
C) the idea of God as a source of knowledge
D) the notion that any judgment can be true and false
E) recognition of two principles as equal: spirit and matter
8. F. Bacon distinguishes between four types of idols or ghosts. Determine what does not apply to idols, signs?
A) * Idols of the Universe
B) Idols of the cave
C) Idols Square
D) Idols of the genus
E) Idols of Theater
9. Inborn ideas were described in the philosophy of rationalism of the 17th century.
A) * Descartes
B) Leibniz
C) Spinoza
D) Bacon
E) Hobbes
10. The concept of substance is characteristic of philosophy:
A) * P. Descartes
B) M. Heidegger
C) A. Camus
D) P. Abelard
E) Mo-tzu
11. The main method of obtaining true facts was considered deduction:
A) * P. Descartes
B) Malebranche
C) F. Bacon
D) B. Pascal
E) J. Locke
12. R. Descartes solves the problem of ontology:
A) * dualistically
B) monistically
C) pluralistic
D) archaic
E) skeptical
13. "I think, therefore I am." Who is the author of the dictum?
A) * P. Descartes
B) G. Hegel
C) Al - Farabi
D) Al - Kindi
E) Plato
14. The doctrine of a single substance was developed by:
A) * B. Spinoza
B) T. Hobbes
C) J. Bacon
D) J. Locke
E) D. Hume
15. The main method of obtaining true facts in the "New Organon" considered induction:
A) * F. Bacon
B) B. Pascal
C) R. Descartes
D) J. Locke
E) P. Gassendi
16. "It", "I" and "super-I" - concepts:
A) * Freudianism
B) phenomenology
C) structuralism
D) positivism
E) existentialism
17. There were two directions in the philosophy of modern times:
A) * empiricism-rationalism
B) nominalism-realism
C) agnostic-idealism
D) there is no correct answer
E) absurdism - nihilism
18. The concept of "monads" refers to philosophy:
A) * G. Leibniz
B) Epicura
C) F. Aquinas
D) F. Bacon
E) P. Gassendi
19. F. Bacon was a representative of the direction:
A) * empiricism
B) rationalism
C) nominalism
D) irrationalism
E) voluntarism
20. Kant's work "Critique of Pure Reason" is devoted to the problems:
A) * epistemology
B) axiology
C) policies
D) being
E) society
21. Feuerbach refers to the representatives:
A) * materialism
B) idealism
C) agnosticism
D) skepticism
E) rationalism
22. Kant's work "Critique of Practical Reason" is devoted to the problems:
A) * morality
B) epistemology
C) policies
D) being
E) practices
23. "The starry sky above me and the moral law in me" - two main directions of his philosophy expressed
A) * I. Kant
B) F. Schelling
C) G. Hegel
D) L. Feuerbach
E) I. Fichte
24. According to Feuerbach:
A) * Man created God
B) God created man
C) Demiurge is the author of the universe
D) God created nature
E) Man to man wolf
25. "Philosophy of Life" refers to:
A) * non-classical philosophy
B) classical philosophy
C) rational philosophy
D) German classical philosophy
E) philosophy of the Enlightenment
26. The concept "thing-in-itself" belongs to philosophy:
A) * I. Kant
B) G. Hegel
C) I. Fichte
D) F. Schelling
E) Socrates
27. The concept of imperative means:
A) * law
B) principle
C) politics
D) happiness
E) contradiction
28. According to Feuerbach, the starting point of philosophy is:
A) * person
B) god
C) politics
D) cognition
E) apeiron
29. To whom did the words: "... act in such a way as to use a person for yourself as well as for another, always as an end and never only as a means"?
A) * I. Cant
B) Socrates
C) Confucius
D) J.J. Rousseau
E) K. Jaspers
30. From the point of view of Kant's philosophy, the essence of a thing is to know:
A) * not allowed
B) you can
C) it doesn't address this issue at all
D) he does not provide a specific answer to this question
E) the entity is missing
31. The laws of dialectics include:
A) * The law of negation of negation
B) The law of natural selection
C) Law of Sufficient Cause
D) The Law of the Excluded Third
E) The Law of Acceleration of History
32. The author of the work "Phenomenology of Spirit":
A) * G. Hegel
B) B. Spinoza
C) G. Leibniz
D) I. Kant
E) Socrates
33. A special section of philosophy that deals with the problem of man is called:
A) * anthropology
B) praxeology
C) eristics
D) epistemology
E) archeology
34. Representative of existentialism:
A) * K. Jaspers
B) T. Kuhn
C) L. Feuerbach
D) M. Weber
E) I. Huizinga
35. Existence is a category of philosophy.
A) * Existentialism
B) Neopositivism
C) Thomism
D) Freudianism
E) Personalism
36. Denial of the effective presence of God in the world after the creation of the world:
A) * deism
B) pantheism
C) panentheism
D) atheism
E) theism
37. The fundamental idea of psychoanalysis is the idea:
A) * unconscious
B) understanding
C) being
D) absurd
E) power
38. Representative of the "Philosophy of Life":
A) * G. Simmel
B) A. Camus
C) M. Heidegger
D) K. Jaspers
E) R. Barth
39. The problem of man is central to the philosophy of the 20th century:
A) * existentialism
B) scientism
C) positivism
D) neo-Thomism
E) pragmatism
40. The concept of "borderline situation" is characteristic of philosophy:
A) * existentialism
B) German classical philosophy
C) Marxism
D) hermeneutics
E) middle ages
41. The representative of critical rationalism is:
A) * K. Popper
B) G. Gadamer
C) J. -P. Sartre
D) E. Fromm
E) L. Wittgenstein
42. Man makes himself, acquires his essence, already existing - this point of view is characteristic of:
A) * existentialism
B) positivism
C) neo-Thomism
D) personalism
E) hermeneutics
43. What is not related to the forms of rational knowledge?
A) * Will
B) Concepts
C) Judgments
D) Inductive reasoning
E) Deductive reasoning
44. Name a philosophical concept that reflects the process of comprehending your own spiritual processes, thinking about the methods of your thought and their social significance.
A) * Reflection (principle of human consciousness)
B) Transcendental Apperception
C) Maieutics
D) Empirio-criticism
E) Immanence
45. The concept of "verification" belongs to philosophy:
A) * neopositivism
B) psychoanalysis
C) hermeneutics
D) Thomism
E) postmodernism
46. The concept of "existence" is translated as:
A) * existence
B) freedom
C) equality
D) order
E) essence
47. From a philosophical point of view, man is a being:
A) * biosocial
B) social
C) biological
D) religious
E) playing
48. One of the objects of study of structuralism is:
A) * sign systems
B) political theories
C) value problems
D) economic problems
E) being
49. The representative of "hermeneutics" is:
A) * Gadamer
B) Nietzsche
C) Schopenhauer
D) Feyerabend
E) I. Lakatos
50. The representative of postmodernism is:
A) * J. Deleuze
B) A. Camus
C) J.P. Sartre
D) G. Marseille
E) A. Besant
51. The ancient sage Zeno tried to theoretically comprehend the movement. What was his evidence called?
A) * aporias
B) theory
C) modes
D) attributes
E) ideas
52. According to Aristotle, matter is:
A) * potential prerequisite or possibility of the existence of a thing
B) Logos
C) the soul of any thing
D) cosmic mind
E) God
53. Ancient philosopher, author of the thesis "Man is the measure of all things":
A) * Protagoras
B) Aristotle
C) Socrates
D) Plato
E) Gorgias
54. The founder of atomism:
A) * Democritus
B) Aristotle
C) Anaxagoras
D) Plato
E) Hume
55. In Ancient Greece, the art of having a conversation is one of the forms:
A) * Dialectics
B) Dualism
C) Imagination
D) Knowledge
E) Metaphysics
56. The nature of the Platonic idea:
A) * Not material, but intelligible
B) Not material and incomprehensible
C) Refers to hostile concepts
D) Material, intelligible
E) Material, but not intelligible
57. Serenity, equanimity of spirit, calm contemplation of eternal truth in Ancient Greece was considered:
A) * The highest value, the ideal of a free man
B) Grounds for censure
C) Waste of time
D) The main flaw in philosophy
E) A sign of carelessness
58. Which of the following ancient Greek philosophers belonged to the Eleatic school:
A) * Zeno
B) Heraclitus
C) Socrates
D) Democritus
E) Epicurus
59. According to Aristotle:
A) * Matter is passive, form is active
B) Matter is active, form is passive
C) Matter is infinite, form is finite
D) Matter and form are finite
E) Matter and form are endless
60. Indicate the name of a philosopher who is not a representative of antiquity:
A) * Spinoza
B) Thales
C) Anaximenes
D) Anaximander
E) Heraclitus
61. An outstanding Roman orator and politician who combined Greek and Roman cultures, a Latin genius who spread Greek thought throughout the world:
A) * Cicero
B) Plotinus
C) Seneca
D) Boethius
E) Marcus Aurelius
62. The concept "Li" means:
A) * Following the ceremonies
B) Love
C) Following natural law
D) Following the dictates of the heart
E) Education
63. The saying “The moral of a noble man is like the wind, the moral of a low man is like the grass. The grass leans where the wind blows "is characteristic of the philosophical school:
A) * Confucianism
B) Legism
C) Taoism
D) Yin-Yang
E) Names
64. "Wu-wei" - the basic principle of the school:
A) * Taoism
B) Yin-Yang
C) Confucianism
D) Moism
E) Legism
65. The management of society in Confucianism is compared with relations:
A) * father and son
B) mothers and children
C) trainer and trainee
D) husband and wife
E) officer and soldier
66. Founder of Taoism:
A) * Lao Tzu
B) Xun Tzu
C) Men-tzu
D) Kun-Fu-tzu
E) Wen Tzu
67. The books of "Chinese education" include:
A) * 5 books
B) 2 books
C) 3 books
D) 7books
E) 4books
68. The founder of the Jain doctrine is considered:
A) * Mahavira Vardhamana
B) Buddha
C) Confucius
D) Charvaka
E) Lao Tzu
69. Sacred texts of Ancient India:
A) * Vedas
B) Bible
C) the gospel
D) Quran
E) Runes
70. "A person's life is suffering, the way out is in the attainment of nirvana" refer to the philosophical system:
A) * Buddhism
B) Taoism
C) Jainism
D) Charvaka
E) Vaisesika
71. The central idea of Jainism is:
A) * Principle of a-himsa (non-harm)
B) Knowledge of all things
C) Asceticism
D) Pursuit of happiness
E) Turning to God
72. Ancient Indian system of materialism:
A) * charvaka
B) yoga
C) vaisesika
D) nyaya
E) Taoism
73. The first commandment of Buddhism reads:
A) * Life is suffering
B) Life is love for a person
C) Life is a search for truth
D) Life is enjoyment
E) Life is eternal and unchanging
74. The orthodox darshan schools include:
A) * nyaya
B) Buddhism
C) Jainism
D) lokayata
E) Confucianism
75. Buddha in translation means:
A) * enlightened
B) righteous
C) reasonable
D) serene
E) immortal
76. The law of samsara means:
A) * the law of the cycle of rebirth
B) the law of retribution
C) the law of the primacy of universal human values
D) the law of natural growth of needs
E) the law of dialectics
77. Real name of Buddha:
A) * Siddhartha Gautama
B) Lao Tzu
C) Charvaka
D) Anaxagoras
E) Gina
78. The term "patristics" means:
A) * teaching of the "church fathers"
B) the creed
C) medieval philosophy
D) justifying God
E) the teachings of P. Abelard
79. What was the dispute between realists and nominalists:
A) * On the nature of general concepts (universals)
B) About God
C) About society
D) On the nature of man
E) About the possibility of knowledge
80. Justification of God for the existence of evil in the world and society:
A) * Theodicy
B) Theology
C) Teleology
D) Theogony
E) Theosophy
81. The "Golden Age of Scholasticism" falls on:
A) * 13th century
B) 11th century
C) 14th century
D) 6th century
E) 2nd century
82. Discussion between realists and nominalists took place in:
A) * medieval philosophy
B) ancient philosophy
C) philosophy of modern times
D) Philosophy of Enlightenment
E) Philosophy of the Reformation
83. Creationism explains the origin of life:
A) * a creation of God
B) an emanation of an idea
C) a manifestation of the will to live
D) self-organization of matter
E) appearance from space
84. Man in medieval philosophy was considered as:
A) * Image and likeness of God
B) Child of nature
C) The lowest creature in the hierarchy of creation
D) The creature is self-sufficient
E) Part of the Cosmos
85. Dogma is an establishment, the truth of which is accepted:
A) * No proof
B) Through proof
C) Through observation
D) Through experiment
E) Empirically
86. The representative of the period of scholasticism is:
A) * Thomas Aquinas
B) Aurelius Augustine
C) Cicero
D) Zeno of Kiti
E) Diogenes of Sinop
87. What is pantheism?
A) * all-god - recognition of the presence of God in all nature
B) recognition of the primacy of matter in relation to consciousness
C) God is the center of all creation
D) recognition that the mind is the main instrument of knowledge
E) recognition of the primacy of the spiritual principle
88. Christianity as a religion grew out of the depths:
A) * Judaism
B) brahmanism
C) Confucianism
D) totemism
E) Islam
89. The main philosophical work of Augustine is called:
A) * "Confession"
B) "About the mind"
C) Research on the Human Mind
D) "On the immortality of the human soul"
E) "On nature"
90. What direction of medieval Arab-Muslim philosophy offers a mystical way to comprehend God?
A) * Sufism
B) Averroism
C) Eastern peripateticism
D) Philosophy of Orthodox Islam
E) Kalam
91. The meaning of the theory of "dual truth", according to Ibn Rushd, is:
A) * Self-recognition of the truth of faith and philosophical inference
B) The desire to make science and philosophy independent, to free them from the tutelage of religion
C) The existence of two truths: one for yourself and the other for the rest
D) Recognition as true statements that lead to a concrete practical result and truth, proven by logical means
E) Recognition of the truth, achieved at the sensory level, independent, in contrast to the truth, achieved at the rational level
92. Medieval Europe knew Aristotle in the following statement:
A) * Al-Farabi
B) Al-Biruni
C) Augustine
D) Ibn Rushdah
E) Al-Ghazali
93. In medieval Arabic-speaking thought, the term "falsafa" means:
A) * a rational way of comprehending the world
B) the mystical way of comprehending God
C) dogmas of faith
D) Islamic law
E) Muslim theology
94. The most important tradition adopted by Al-Farabi from ancient philosophy:
A) * Peripateticism
B) Hylozoism
C) Skepticism
D) Idealism
E) Mysticism
95. The first representative of Eastern Aristotelianism:
A) * Al-Kindi
B) Al-Farabi
C) Al-Biruni
D) Ibn Rushd
E) Ibn Sina
96. Who is the author of the work "Canon of Medicine"?
A) * Ibn Sina
B) Al-Farabi
C) Al-Biruni
D) Ibn Rushd
E) Al-Ghazali
97. Medieval Muslim philosophy has its origins in
A) * Arabia
B) Spain
C) Africa
D) Italy
E) Israel
98. The basis of neo-Thomism is philosophy:
A) * Thomas Aquinas
B) Aurelius Augustine
C) Pierre Abelard
D) Tertulliana
E) Aristotle
99. Islam is associated with the idea:
A) * strict monotheism
B) polytheism
C) pluralism
D) dualism
E) atheism
100. In the philosophy of Sufism, the main problem is the attitude of a person to:
A) * God
B) to yourself
C) human
D) society
E) nature
101. The subject of philosophy:
A) * system " The world is a man»
B) "Supervisor-subordinate" system
C) the system "Culture - man"
D) "Mechanisms-elements" system
E) the system "Culture - worldview"
102. Category -:
A) * is a general concept that reflects the general relationship of nature, society and knowledge, ideal forms of practical activity;
B) these are general concepts that reflect the relationship between nature and society;
C) these are general concepts that reflect the relationship of society, knowledge;
D) these are general concepts that reflect the relationship between nature and cognition;
E) these are general concepts that reflect the relationship between nature and man.
103. Founder of Taoism:
A) * Lao Tzu
B) Mo-tzu
C) Xun Tzu
D) Mencius
E) Confucius
104. The substratum of all physical processes are:
A) * elementary particles:
B) molecules;
C) macrobodies;
D) stars;
E) galaxies.
105. The fundamental principle of dialectical thinking is the unity of dialectics:
A) * logic and theory of knowledge;
B) and methodology;
C) and speaking skills;
D) and the art of dispute;
E) epistemology and methodology.
106. The dialectic of essence and phenomenon is as follows:
A) * the phenomenon is essential, the essence is;
B) the phenomenon and essence are identical;
C) the phenomenon and the essence are independent from each other;
D) the phenomenon is higher than the essence;
E) the essence is higher than the phenomenon.
107. Choose a definition of matter that is philosophical:
A) * matter is an objective reality given to us in sensations;
B) matter - matter, field and vacuum;
C) matter is molecules and atoms;
D) matter is everything that has mass, energy;
E) matter is just the sound of a voice.
108. Select a group of categories that express the content of the law of unity and struggle of opposites:
A) * difference, opposition, contradiction;
B) substance, causality, interaction;
C) denial, denial of denial, withdrawal;
D) quality, quantity, measure;
E) possibility, reality, probability.
109. "Space and time are the forms of our perception" - judgment:
A) * subjective idealism;
B) objective idealism;
C) metaphysical materialism:
D) dialectical materialism;
E) dualism.
110. What way of thinking is the formation of paired, polar categories inherent?
A) * dialectics;
B) synergy;
C) metaphysics;
D) sophistry;
E) eclecticism.
111. In the process of development, the law of mutual transition of quantitative and qualitative changes reveals:
A) * mechanism;
B) focus;
C) reversibility;
D) source;
E) cyclicity.
112. Categories of dialectics:
A) * essence and phenomenon;
B) atomicity, valence;
C) circulation;
D) space;
E) eclecticism.
113. The structure of matter is understood as follows:
A) * internally dismembered integrity, the natural order of communication of elements in the whole;
B) its absolute homogeneity;
C) lack of internal organization;
D) the presence of some elements;
E) inner emptiness.
114. Find the wrong thesis:
A) * Development is a linear process that takes place on an unchanging basis;
B) Development is an abrupt dialectical process
C) Everything in the world flows, everything changes
D) Progress is the development of complex systems, which is characterized by the transition from lower to higher
E) The development principle is a necessary methodological principle of the modern humanitarian title.
115. The levels of organization of inanimate systems include:
A) * lithosphere
B) cage
C) social system
D) biocenosis
E) population
116. The classical definition of matter from the standpoint of dialectical materialism is given in the work:
A) * "Materialism and Empirio-criticism"
B) "Dialectics of Nature"
C) Being and Time
D) "One step back, two forward"
E) "About the movement of the celestial spheres"
117. The concept of motion is:
A) * absolute
B) relative
C) comparable
D) positive
E) negative
118. The parameters of space include:
A) * height
B) angle
C) mass
D) degree
E) pressure
119. The desire to revive the ideals and values of antiquity is characteristic of the era:
A) * Renaissance
B) feudalism
C) Enlightenment
D) middle ages
E) New time
120. The idea of dialectics was first indicated in philosophy:
A) * Heraclitus
B) Plato
C) Socrates
D) Aristotle
E) Epicura
121. The theoretical formulation of dialectics was done:
A) * Hegel
B) Marx
C) Spencer
D) Hume
E) Kant
122. The laws of dialectics include:
A) * the law of transition of quantitative changes into qualitative
B) the law of natural selection
C) law of sufficient reason
D) the law of the excluded third
E) the law of consistency
123. The principle of universal connection belongs to:
A) * dialectic
B) dualism
C) skepticism
D) monism
E) pluralism
124. The philosophy that professes knowledge in its function of utility is called:
A) * pragmatism
B) Marxism
C) neo-Thomism
D) neo-empiricism
E) personalism
125. Reflection as a philosophical concept means:
A) * any changes to an object as a result of exposure to another object
B) any interaction of an object
C) an absolute copy of the reflected object
D) reproduction of the structure, properties of the reflected object
E) mirroring one object into another
126. Truth is an adequate reflection of an object by a knowing subject. This point of view belongs to:
A) * Marxism
B) pragmatism
C) existentialism
D) phenomenology
E) Intuitivism
127. Stages of cognition-:
A) * sensual and rational
B) common and scientific
C) theoretical and pragmatic
D) sanity and sensation
E) observation and experience
128. The following forms belong to rational knowledge:
A) * concept, judgment, inference
B) sensation, perception
C) feelings, emotions, reason
D) "I", "it", over me "
E) fantasy, fiction, conjecture
129. To choose the definition of truth proposed by the mathematician Poincaré and in the history of science, it entered as a conventionalist concept of truth:
A) * truth is the result of the agreement of scientists
B) truth - the correspondence of knowledge to reality
C) truth is consistent knowledge
D) true-result
E) the theory is considered the truth, which is confirmed in practice and is beneficial
130. Two levels of scientific knowledge:
A) * theoretical and empirical
B) physical and metaphysical
C) materialistic and idealistic
D) subjective and objective
E) mundane and practical
131. What is the most fundamental criterion of truth from the standpoint of dialectical materialism:
A) * practice
B) generally accepted
C) beauty
D) utility
E) distinctness and clarity
132. The statement that everything in the world is relative and only relative is:
A) * relativism
B) subjectivity
C) agnosticism
D) skepticism
E) none of the above
133. What is fundamental in the process of cognition?
A) * it is necessary to have a subject and an object of cognition
B) the presence of the subject of knowledge
C) availability of means of knowledge
D) having the ability to learn
E) having absolute self-awareness
134. The method based on the transition from general knowledge to private
A) * deduction
B) synthesis
C) induction
D) sociometry
E) analysis
135. Implicit awareness of social life by people without special cognitive activity:
A) * ordinary consciousness
B) ideology
C) theoretical consciousness
D) philosophy
E) science
136. Methodology is:
A) * the doctrine of the scientific method of knowledge
B) improvement, updating
C) theory about the origin of the universe
D) complete denial of generally accepted norms
E) the doctrine of man
137. What is consciousness?
A) * subjective reality, purposeful reflection of reality
B) mental in general
C) the sphere of thought
D) the divine gift of awareness of oneself and the surrounding reality
E) the sphere of sensuality
138. There are several definitions of reflection. Which one is philosophical:
A) * reflection is any reaction to any impact
B) the reflection is a mirror image
C) the reflection is a trace
D) the reflection is a snapshot
E) the reflection is an imprint
139. Mental image:
A) * perfect
B) material
C) visual
D) social
E) emotional
140. Art, morality, religion, politics are:
A) * forms of public consciousness
B) forms of mass consciousness
C) forms of everyday consciousness
D) forms of practical consciousness
E) forms of spiritual experience
141. In the "noospheric" model of human civilization, the main role is assigned to:
A) * science
B) nations
C) economy
D) the state
E) religions
142. The first basic function of morality:
A) * regulatory
B) Educational
C) read notation
D) educational
E) organizational
143. Believing that value is the norm, he introduced the problem of values into sociology:
A) * Weber
B) Cont
C) Sorokin
D) Rickert
E) Dewey
144. The doctrine of beauty, of beauty in philosophy is called:
A) * aesthetics
B) epistemology
C) social philosophy
D) ethics
E) ontology
145. Spiritual values:
A) * Are both practical and non-utilitarian
B) Are mystical
C) Are non-utilitarian
D) Are practical
E) Are playful
146. Human rights are one of:
A) * Human values
B) Communication values
C) Material values
D) Lifestyle Values
E) Interdisciplinary values
147. Translated from the Latin language, the word "morality" means:
A) * Moral
B) reasonable
C) sensual
D) mental
E) immoral
148. Value relationships are:
A) * Relationships between people about the value systems existing in society
B) Relationships between people and values
C) The hierarchy of values accepted in a given society
D) Relationship between values
E) Communication between devices
149. The subject of ethics is:
A) * morality as a phenomenon of public life;
B) a specific material thing;
C) the behavior of a particular person;
D) people's way of life;
E) features of informal groups.
150. Production and consumer values are:
A) * element of material values;
B) an independent type of values;
C) an element of social values;
D) the same as material values;
E) technical system.
151. The essence of the mythological view of the world consists of:
A) * in indivisibility, unity, integrity of the world outlook;
B) in the recognition of the substantial principle in the world;
C) in faith in the omnipotence of one God;
D) in opposition of man and nature;
E) in the division of the world into lower and higher spheres of existence
152. Philosophy does not have a function:
A) * technological;
B) cognitive;
C) ideological;
D) educational;
E) cultural integration.
153. Transition of opposites into each other is the principle:
A) * Taoism;
B) Confucianism;
C) legalism;
D) Buddhism;
E) Jainism.
154. The cause of human suffering according to Buddhism:
A) * in the lust for desires;
B) in the worship of the sky;
C) in striving for nirvana;
D) in worship of the spirits of ancestors;
E) in love for a person.
155. The formula of the identity of being and thinking was derived by the ancient Greek philosopher:
A) * Parmenides;
B) Pythagoras;
C) Heraclitus;
D) Socrates;
E) Plato.
156. The author of the philosophical doctrine of "matter" and "form" was:
A) * Aristotle;
B) Socrates;
C) Heraclitus;
D) Democritus;
E) Plato.
157. Philosophical views Heraclitus of Ephesus, Zeno of Elea ... makes things in common:
A) * spontaneous dialectics;
B) spontaneous learning;
C) poetry;
D) spontaneous materialism;
E) spontaneous idealism.
158. The followers of Aristotle's philosophy are called:
A) * peripatetics;
B) skeptics;
C) scholastics;
D) realists;
E) by nominalists.
159. The doctrine of the earthly city and the heavenly city created:
A) * A. Augustine;
B) Iamblichus;
C) F. Aquinas;
D) Plotinus;
E) Demosthenes.
160. A theocentric worldview can be called a worldview:
A) * the Middle Ages;
B) the era of Antiquity (Ancient Greece);
C) the Renaissance;
D) the era of the Scientific Revolution;
E) the Age of Enlightenment.
161. Patristics are:
A) * the totality of theological and philosophical views of Christian thinkers.
B) the principle according to which God created living and inanimate nature out of nothing;
C) the principle of taking one principle as the basis of all existence;
D) a philosophical position according to which any
the material body has a soul;
E) aesthetic teaching;
162. Philosophy has become the "servant of theology." To what period in the history of philosophy does this characteristic correspond?
A) * the era of the Middle Ages.
B) the Renaissance;
C) new time;
D) the Age of Enlightenment;
E) antiquity;
163. The main trend in thinking, ideology and culture of the Renaissance is:
A) * transition from theocentric to anthropocentric understanding
the world;
B) the fight against anthropocentrism;
C) striving for a peaceful existence;
D) return to the cosmocentric worldview;
E) obscurantism.
164. Founder of the heliocentric system of the world:
A) * N. Copernicus;
B) Ptolemy;
C) Archimedes;
D) Laplace;
E) G. Galileo.
165. Pantheism is the doctrine of unity:
A) * God and nature;
B) ideas and matter;
C) reason and will;
D) knowledge and faith;
E) time and space.
166. The recognition of two independent substances - thinking and extended - belongs to:
A) * P. Descartes;
B) F. Bacon;
C) T. Hobbes;
D) B. Spinoza;
E) J. Locke.
167. The founder of the new European rationalism:
A) * P. Descartes;
B) T. Hobbes;
C) I. Kant;
D) J. Locke;
E) G. Leibniz.
168. Obstacles on the path of cognition, generated by the use of incorrect words, which are widespread most often in the markets, in public places, Bacon called:
A) * idols of the square;
B) cave idols;
C) the idols of the theater;
D) the idols of the clan;
E) pluralism.
169. The logical form of inference underlying empiricism is called:
A) * by induction;
B) deduction;
C) analysis;
D) synthesis;
E) by analogy.
170. According to F. Bacon, the meaning, vocation and tasks of science are:
A) * public benefit and improvement of people's lives;
B) achieving fame and power;
C) development of the human spirit and knowledge of the world;
D) achieving absolute truth;
E) the resolution of scholarly disputes.
171. The philosophy of modern times was based on authority:
A) * science;
B) a person;
C) society;
D) churches;
E) states.
172. All knowledge begins, according to Kant:
A) * feelings;
B) truth;
C) emotions;
D) reason;
E) experience.
173. According to F. Bacon, empiricism is:
A) * experience based on experiment;
B) isolated sensory perception;
C) the form inherent in the thing itself;
D) the mental image of a thing, reflected in consciousness;
E) a symbolic sign.
174. According to the teachings of Spinoza, there is only one substance - this:
A) * nature is God;
B) matter;
C) apeiron;
D) an atom;
E) electron.
175. The founders of dialectical materialistic philosophy are:
A) * K. Marx and F. Engels;
B) Leucippus and Democritus;
C) F. Bacon and R. Descartes;
D) G. V. Plekhanov and V. I. Lenin;
E) P. Holbach and K. Helvetius.
176. The main criterion of the Marxist typology of society is:
A) * the level of development of the productive forces of society;
B) specific legal and legislative forms;
C) geographic location;
D) the level of technical and scientific development of society;
E) the level of development of spiritual culture.
177. Engels reproached the materialist philosophy of modern times because of the presence in its features:
A) * mechanicalness;
B) voluntarism;
C) rationalism;
D) hylozoism;
E) dialectic.
178. The main stage in the development of medieval philosophy is:
A) * scholasticism;
B) sophistry;
C) dialectics
D) metaphysics
E) standing
179. Three stages of the intellectual evolution of mankind according to O. Comte:
A) * theological, metaphysical, positive;
B) religious, ethical, metaphysical;
C) aesthetic, ethical, metaphysical;
D) religious, scientific, positive;
E) mythological, philosophical, religious.
180. The author of the formational concept of division of the historical process is:
A) * K. Marx;
B) K. Jaspers;
C) O. Spengler;
D) P. Sorokin;
E) G. Hegel.
181. Insert the missing word in the quote from Marx:
“Industrial relations are real…. ... , above
which rises the legal and political superstructure ":
A) * basis;
B) production method;
C) process;
D) complex;
E) a real element.
182. Choose the correct definition that reflects the philosophy of Marxism:
A) * people - the creator of history;
B) personality - the creator of history;
C) the individual is the creator of history;
D) the world spirit is the creator of history;
E) God is the creator of history.
183. "World Will" in the philosophy of A. Schopenhauer:
A) * unconscious;
B) superconscious;
C) intuitive;
D) divine;
E) sensual.
184. Philosophical and scientific consideration of the Universe:
A) * cosmology
B) eschatology
C) astrology
D) geology
E) astronomy
185. The central concept of Russian Slavophilism:
A) * Collegiality
B) Theoretical reason
C) Unity
D) grace
E) Absolute Spirit
186. In the philosophy of V. S. Soloviev, the central category is all-unity:
A) * dialectical
B) historical
C) negative
D) natural
E) positive
187. "Conciliarity" is:
A) * Spiritual union
B) Spiritual experience
C) Rural community
D) Absolutization of the individual principle
E) Submission to Divine Will
188. Soloviev, Florensky representatives:
A) * religious philosophy;
B) Westerners;
C) Slavophiles;
D) the sophists;
E) intuitionists.
189. What did Marx absolutize in his theory of social formations:
A) * priority of basis over setting
B) priority of bank capital
C) the role of politics
D) the role of the working class
E) the role of labor
190. This zhyrau was obsessed with the search for the promised land - zher-uyek and criticized Khan Dzhangir. His name:
A) * Asan-kaigy;
B) Shal-akyn;
C) Korkyt-ata;
D) Bukhar-zhyrau;
E) Dospambet-zhyrau.
191. The founder of German classical philosophy:
A) * Kant
B) Hegel
C) Fichte
D) Marx
E) Feuerbach
192. "Man is a symbolic animal" is the definition of man:
A) * Ernst Cassirer;
B) Friedrich Nietzsche;
C) Max Scheler;
D) Arnold Gehlen;
E) Helmut Plesner.
193 What does the concept of "metaphysics" mean in the system of ancient thought:
A) * doctrine of the root causes of being
B) the main element of the universe
C) sensory perception
D) the science of correct consistent thinking
E) wisdom
194. The author of the ethic of reverence for life is:
A) * Albert Schweitzer;
B) Oswald Spengler;
C) Bertrand Russell;
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein;
E) Erich Fromm.
195. Verification of the truth procedure in logical positivism
called:
A) * verification;
B) consolidation;
C) specialization;
D) falsification;
E) exteriorization.
196. The criterion for the scientific rationality of the theory according to K. Popper is:
A) * fundamental refutability;
B) connection with practice;
C) logical correlation with prior knowledge;
D) utility;
E) consistency.
197. The new art of the twentieth century has become "inhuman", abstract, cold and ironic, - so thought the author of the work "Dehumanization of Art":
A) * Ortega y Gasset;
B) Spengler;
C) Nietzsche;
D) Fromm;
E) Marx.
198. A sensually visual image stored in memory and reproduced in consciousness:
A) * presentation
B) perception
C) sensation;
D) judgment
E) concept
199. The way of existence of matter in Marxist-Leninist philosophy is:
A) * movement;
B) time;
C) space;
D) interdependence;
E) causality.
200. Select the concept of space and time, which is now generally accepted, based on the achievements of science:
A) * relational;
B) substantial;
C) quantum;
D) energy;
E) transcendental.
